Wikipedia:Tên bài/Dịch đầy đủ từ en.wiki

Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia

Bản mẫu:FixBunching Bản mẫu:Naming conventions Bản mẫu:FixBunching

Bản mẫu:FixBunching

Trang Tên bài này đề cập đến những quy định của Wikipedia về cách đặt tên bài viết. Trang này được bổ sung bởi những hướng dẫn để đưa ra lời khuyên cho việc áp dụng những quy tắc được nêu ra ở đây và giải quyết mâu thuẫn nảy sinh trong việc đặt tên bài viết. Phần lớn các chi tiết cụ thể cho việc đặt tên bài viết liên quan trực tiếp đến một lĩnh vực riêng biệt được đề cập trong danh sách ở hộp bên phải trang.

Để biết cách đổi tên bài viết đã có trước đó, có thể xem Trợ giúp:di chuyển trangWikipedia:Requested moves.

Quyết định tên một bài viết[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Mỗi bài viết trên Wikipedia nên chỉ có một tên duy nhất.[1] Tuy nhiên, việc này đôi lúc trở nên không khả thi. Khi đó một tên bài lý tưởng cần thỏa mãn các tiêu chí sau:

  • Nhận biết được – Chủ đề của bài viết nên sử dụng tên và thuật ngữ được dùng phổ biến từ các nguồn đáng tin cậy và có thể được dễ dàng nhận biết từ phần lớn người đọc.
  • Dễ tra cứu – Sử dụng tên và thuật ngữ được đa số người đọc dùng để tra cứu hay tìm hiểu về đề tài đó (và dùng tên mà người biên soạn có thể dễ dàng nối kết với các đề tài liên quan).
  • Chính xác – Sử dụng tên và thuật ngữ chính xác, nhưng chỉ cần đủ chính xác để không xác định đề tài một cách mơ hồ.
  • Súc tích – Sử dụng tên và thuật ngữ ngắn gọn và đề cập trực tiếp đến đề tài. (Ngay cả khi việc danh từ hóa một số tên bài là cần thiết nhưng cũng cần tuân theo quy tắc này)
  • Thống nhất – Sử dụng tên và thuật ngữ có cùng một cấu trúc với các bài cùng thể loại.

Do đó, người biên soạn cần tìm cho phần lớn các bài viết nên có một cái tên rõ ràng, đơn giản và thỏa mãn phần lớn hay tất cả các tiêu chuẩn trên. Tuy nhiên, đôi khi cần thiết phải bỏ qua hai hay nhiều hơn tiêu chuẩn mà nó đi ngược lại một tiêu chuẩn khác; trong những trường hợp như vậy tên của bài viết sẽ được thông qua bằng sự nhất trí giữa các thành viên, thông thường là dựa vào cách sử dụng ở những nguồn đáng tin cậy. Sự đồng thuận về tên của bài viết trên các lĩnh vực cụ thể hay những vấn đề đặc thù cần phải dựa trên những trang hướng dẫn và tham khảo được trình bày và giải thích rõ. Khi mà sự đồng thuận vẫn chưa xảy ra cho dù đã qua thảo luận do những người tham gia luôn đặt y kiến của bản thân cao hơn hết. Khi đó, tên của bài nên dựa trên sự quan tâm, chú ý của người đọc hơn là người biên soạn, của công chúng nói chung hơn là những chuyên gia.

Redirects should be created to articles that may reasonably be searched for or linked to under two or more names (such as different spellings or former names). Conversely, a name that could refer to several different articles may require disambiguation.

Common names[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Articles are normally titled using the most common English-language name of the subject of the article. In determining what this name is, we follow the usage of reliable sources, such as those used as references for the article. This means that the name chosen for an article, while in common use, should be neither vulgar nor pedantic.

The following are examples of common names[2] that Wikipedia uses as article titles instead of a more elaborate, formal or scientifically precise alternative:

Search engine testing sometimes helps decide which of alternative names is more common. When searching, restrict the results to pages written in English, and exclude the word "Wikipedia". It may also be useful to observe the usage of major international organizations, major English-language media outlets, quality encyclopedias, geographic name servers, major scientific bodies and scientific journals. For detailed advice, see Wikipedia:Search engine test.

Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. We do not know what terms will be used in the future, but only what is and has been in use, and will therefore be familiar to our readers. However common sense can be applied – if an organization changes its name, it is often reasonable to assume that sources will be switching to the new name. It is not necessary to give weight to sources which are known to be out of date.

When a subject is too rarely mentioned in English to have a common English name, use the official name (as defined in a legal context, for example, such as a national constitution), or the name that the subject uses to describe itself or themselves. (For foreign terms, see the next section.)

Foreign names and anglicization [sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

The choice between anglicized and local spellings should follow English usage, e.g., Besançon, Søren KierkegaardGöttingen, but Nuremberg, delicatessen, FlorenceJohann Wolfgang von Goethe.

If there are too few English sources to constitute an established usage, follow the conventions of the language appropriate to the subject (German for German politicians, Portuguese for Brazilian towns, and so on). For ideas on how to deal with situations where there are several competing foreign terms, see "Multiple local names" and "Use modern names" in the geographical naming guideline.

Names not originally in a Latin alphabet, such as Greek, Chinese or Russian names, must be transliterated. Established systematic transliterations, such as Hanyu Pinyin, are preferred. However if there is a common English form of the name, then use it, even if it is unsystematic (as with TchaikovskyChiang Kai-shek). For a list of transliteration conventions by language, see Wikipedia:Romanization.

Wikipedia generally uses the characters œ and æ to represent Anglo-Saxon ligatures. For Latin or Greek-derived words, use e or ae/oe, depending on modern usage and the national variety of English used in the article.

In deciding whether and how to translate a foreign name into English, follow English usage. If there is no established English treatment for a name, translate it if this can be done without loss of accuracy and with greater understanding for the English-speaking reader.

National varieties of English[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

All national varieties of English spelling are acceptable in article names; Wikipedia does not prefer any national variety over any other. An article title on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the variety of English appropriate for that nation (for example Australian Defence Force). American spellings should not be respelled to British standards, and vice versa; for example, both colorcolour are acceptable and both spellings are found in article titles (such as color gelcolour state). Occasionally a less common term is selected as an article title because it is appropriate to all national varieties; for example, Fixed-wing aircraft.

Standard English and trademarks[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Article titles follow standard English text formatting in the case of trademarks, unless the trademarked spelling is demonstrably most common usage in sources independent of the owner of the trademark. Items in full or partial uppercase (such as Invader ZIM) should have standard capitalization (Invader Zim); however, if the name is ambiguous, and one meaning is usually capitalized, this is one possible method of disambiguation.

Exceptions include article titles with the first letter lowercase and the second letter uppercase, such as iPodeBay. For these, see the technical restrictions guideline.

Precision and disambiguation[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Articles' titles usually merely indicate the name of the topic. When additional precision is necessary to distinguish an article from other uses of the topic name, over-precision should be avoided. Be precise but only as precise as is needed. For example, it would be inappropriate to name an article "United States Apollo program (1961–1975)" over Apollo program or "Nirvana (Aberdeen, Washington rock band)" over Nirvana (band). Remember that concise titles are generally preferred.

However, because pages cannot share the same title, it is not always possible to use the exact title that may be desired for an article, as that title may have another meaning. As a general rule:

  • If the topic of the article is the primary topic (or only topic) for a desired title, then the article can take that title without modification.
  • Otherwise that title cannot be used for the article without disambiguation. This is most commonly done by adding a disambiguating tag in parentheses (or sometimes after a comma); however in certain cases it may be done by choosing a different form of the title in order to achieve uniqueness. For example, two drummers called Roger Taylor have their articles titled Roger Andrew TaylorRoger Meddows-Taylor.

The disambiguation guideline also contains advice on how to name disambiguation pages when they need to be created.

Sometimes titles of separate articles have different forms, but with only minor differences.

Examples:

In such cases, remember that a reader who enters one term might in fact be looking for the other, so use appropriate disambiguation techniques (such as hatnotes or disambiguation pages) to ensure that readers can find all possible target articles. In case of very minor differences, a parenthethical tag should be added as if the name forms were identical, as in Streets of London (song)Streets Of London (computer game).

Descriptive names[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Where articles have descriptive names, they are neutrally worded. A descriptive article title should describe the subject without passing judgment, implicitly or explicitly, on the subject. Titles which are considered inaccurate descriptions of the article subject, as implied by reliable sources, are often avoided even though they may be the most common name. For example, Tsunami is preferred over the less accurate Tidal wave.

For instance, a political controversy in the United States was nicknamed "Attorneygate" by critics of the government, but the article title is the more neutrally worded Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy. Another example is that the term allegation should be avoided in a title unless the article concerns charges in a legal case or accusations of illegality under civil, criminal or international law which have not yet been proven in a court of law. See Wikipedia:Words to avoid for further advice on potentially controversial terminology.

Explicit conventions[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Wikipedia has many naming conventions relating to specific subject domains (as listed in the box at the top of this page). Occasionally, these may recommend the use of titles that are not strictly the common name (as in the case of the conventions for floramedicine). This practice is often controversial, and should not be adopted unless it produces clear benefits outweighing the use of uncommon names; when it is, the article titles adopted should follow a neutral and common convention specific to that subject domain, and otherwise adhere to the general principles for naming articles on Wikipedia.

Considering name changes[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

In discussing the appropriate name of an article, remember that the choice of title is not dependent on whether a name is "right" in a moral or political sense. Nor does the use of one name for one article require that all related articles use the same name; there is often some reason, such as anachronism, for inconsistencies in common usage. For example, Wikipedia has articles on both Volgograd and the Battle of Stalingrad.

Editing for the sole purpose of changing one controversial name to another is strongly discouraged. If an article name has been stable for a long time, and there is no good reason to change it, it should not be changed. If it has never been stable for a long time, and no consensus can be reached on what the name should be, default to the name used by the first major contributor after the article ceased to be a stub.[3]

Any potentially controversial proposal to change a name should be advertised at Requested Moves, and consensus reached before any change is made. Debating controversial names is often unproductive, and there are many other ways to help improve Wikipedia.

Do not invent names as a means of compromising between opposing points of view. Wikipedia describes current usage but cannot prescribe a particular usage or invent new names.

Treatment of alternative names[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

An article can only have one name; however significant alternative names for the topic should be mentioned in the article, usually in the first sentence or paragraph (see Lead section). These may include alternative spellings, longer or shorter forms, historical names, significant names in other languages, etc. There is also no reason why alternative names cannot be used in article text in contexts where they are more appropriate than the name used as the title of the article. For example, the city now called Gdańsk is referred to as Danzig in historical contexts where that name is more suited (e.g. when it was part of Germany or a Free City).

All significant alternative names or forms of names that apply to a specific article should be made to redirect to that article. If they are ambiguous, it should be ensured that the article can at least be reached from a disambiguation page for the alternative term. Note that the exact capitalization of the article's title does not affect Wikipedia search, so it is not necessary to create redirects from alternative capitalizations unless these are likely to be used in links; see Naming conventions (capitalization).

Piped links are often used in article text to allow a subject with a lengthy article title to be referred to using a more concise term where this does not produce ambiguity.

Article title format[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

  • Use lower case, except for proper names: The initial letter of a title is almost always capitalized; subsequent words in a title are not, unless they are part of a proper name, and so would be capitalized in running text; when this is done, the title will be simple to link to in other articles: Northwestern University offers more graduate work than a typical liberal arts college. For initial lower case letters, as in eBay, see the technical restrictions page. See also the special rules on capitalization in bird naming.
  • Use the singular form: Article titles are generally in singular in form, e.g. Horse not Horses. Exceptions include nouns that are always in a plural form in English (e.g. scissors or trousers) and the names of classes of objects (e.g. Arabic numerals or Bantu languages).
  • Avoid abbreviations: Abbreviations and acronyms are generally avoided unless the subject is almost exclusively known by its abbreviation (e.g. NATOLaser). The abbreviation UK, for United Kingdom, is acceptable for use in disambiguation.
  • Avoid definite and indefinite articles: Do not place definite or indefinite articles (the, a and an) at the beginning of titles unless they are part of a proper name (e.g. The Old Man and the Sea) or otherwise change the meaning (e.g. The Crown).
  • Use nouns: Titles should be nouns or noun phrases. Adjective and verb forms (e.g. democratic, integrate) should redirect to articles titled with the corresponding noun (Democracy, Integration), although sometimes they will be disambiguation pages, as at Organic. Sometimes the noun corresponding to a verb will be the gerund (-ing form), as in Swimming.
  • Do not enclose titles in quotes: Article names which are quotes (or song titles, etc.) are not enclosed in quotation marks (e.g. To be, or not to be is the article while "To be, or not to be" is a redirect to that article).
  • Do not use titles suggesting that one article forms part of another. Even if an article is considered subsidiary to another (as where summary style is used), it should be named independently. For example, an article on transportation in Azerbaijan should not be given a name like "Azerbaijan/Transport" or "Azerbaijan (transport)" – use Transport in Azerbaijan. (This does not always apply in non-article namespaces: see Help:Subpage.)

Special characters and formatting[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

There are technical restrictions on the use of certain characters in page titles. The characters #, <, >, [, ], |, {, and } cannot be used at all and there are certain restrictions on titles containing colons, periods and some other characters. Technically all other Unicode characters can be used in page titles. However the following should be noted:

  • Provide redirects to non-keyboard characters: If use of diacritics (accent marks) is in accordance with the English-language name, or other characters not present on standard keyboards are used, such as dashes, provide a redirect from the equivalent title using standard English-language keyboard characters.
  • Avoid accent-/quote-like characters: Accent-like and/or quote-like characters (e.g. ʻ, ʾ, ʿ, ᾿, ῾, ‘, “, ’, ”, c, combining diacritical marks combined with a "space" character) should be avoided in page names. A common exception is the apostrophe ' (e.g. Anthony d'Offay), which should, however, be used sparingly (e.g. Shia instead of Shi'a).
  • Do not use non-language characters: Non-language characters such as "♥", as sometimes found in advertisements or logos, should never be used in titles.
  • Consider browser support: If there is a reasonable alternative, avoid symbols which are so rare that many browsers will not render them. For example, the article on Weierstrass p carries that title rather than the symbol itself, which many readers would see as just a square box.
  • Do not apply formatting: Formatting, such as italics or bolding, is technically achievable in page titles, but is used only in special cases. An example of such an exception is to produce italics for taxonomic names of genera and species. (See italics and formatting restrictions.)

Titles containing "and"[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Sometimes two or more closely related or complementary concepts are most sensibly covered by a single article. Where possible, use a single name covering all cases: for example, Endianness covers the concepts "big-endian" and "little-endian". Where no reasonable overarching name is available, construct an article title using "and", as in Acronym and initialism; Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9; Promotion and relegation; and Balkline and straight rail. (The individual terms – such as Acronym – should redirect to the combined page, or be linked there via a disambiguation page or hatnote if they have other meanings.)

If there is no obvious ordering, place the more commonly encountered concept first, or if that is not applicable, use alphabetical order. Alternative names using reverse ordering (such as Initialism and acronym) should be redirects.

Avoid use of "and" in ways that appear biased. For example, use Islamic terrorism, not "Islam and terrorism".

Proposed naming conventions and guidelines[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Proposals for new naming conventions and guidelines should be advertised on this page's talk page, at requests for comment, the Village Pump and any related pages. If a strong consensus has formed, the proposal is adopted and should be listed on this page.

New naming conventions for specific categories of articles often arise from WikiProjects. For a list of current and former proposals, see Proposed naming conventions and guidelines.

  1. ^ Some on-line encyclopedias use arbitrary numbers to distinguish pages, hence article titles do not need to be unique, but Wikipedia uses a system whereby no two pages can have identical titles. It is technically possible to make articles appear to have the same title, but this is never done, as it would be highly confusing to readers, and cause editors to make incorrect links.
  2. ^ Where the term "common name" appears in this policy it means a commonly used name, and not a common name as used in some disciplines in opposition to scientific name.
  3. ^ This paragraph was adopted to stop move warring. It is an adaptation of the wording in the Manual of Style which is based on the Arbitration Committee's decision in the Jguk case.

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