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'''Liên bang Rhodesia và Nyasaland''' ({{lang-en|Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland}}), còn gọi là '''Liên bang Trung Phi''' ('''CAF'''), là một liên bang bán độc lập của ba lãnh thổ tại miền nam châu Phi – thuộc địa tự trị [[Nam Rhodesia]] và các lãnh thổ bảo bộ [[Bắc Rhodesia]] và [[Nyasaland]] – của [[Đế quốc Anh]], tồn tại từ năm 1953 đến năm 1963.
'''Liên bang Rhodesia và Nyasaland''' ({{lang-en|Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland}}), còn gọi là '''Liên bang Trung Phi''' ('''CAF'''), là một liên bang bán độc lập của ba lãnh thổ tại miền nam châu Phi – thuộc địa tự trị [[Nam Rhodesia]] và các lãnh thổ bảo bộ [[Bắc Rhodesia]] và [[Nyasaland]] – của [[Đế quốc Anh]], tồn tại từ năm 1953 đến năm 1963.


Dòng 65: Dòng 60:
Liên bang chính thức kết thúc vào ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 1963.<ref>Rhodesia and Nyasaland Act, 1964</ref><ref>Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Dissolution) Order in Council, 1963, S.I. 1963 No. 2085, p.4477.</ref> Năm 1964, một thời gian ngắn sau khi giải thể, Bắc Rhodesia trở thành một nước cộng hòa độc lập với tên gọi [[Zambia]] còn Nyasaland trở thành một vương quốc Thịnh vượn chung độc lập có tên gọi [[Malawi]]. Năm 1965, Nam Rhodesia đoạn tuyệt với luật pháp Anh Quốc và đơn phương tuyên bố độc với với tên gọi [[Rhodesia]].
Liên bang chính thức kết thúc vào ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 1963.<ref>Rhodesia and Nyasaland Act, 1964</ref><ref>Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Dissolution) Order in Council, 1963, S.I. 1963 No. 2085, p.4477.</ref> Năm 1964, một thời gian ngắn sau khi giải thể, Bắc Rhodesia trở thành một nước cộng hòa độc lập với tên gọi [[Zambia]] còn Nyasaland trở thành một vương quốc Thịnh vượn chung độc lập có tên gọi [[Malawi]]. Năm 1965, Nam Rhodesia đoạn tuyệt với luật pháp Anh Quốc và đơn phương tuyên bố độc với với tên gọi [[Rhodesia]].


==Tham khảo==
==Constitutional origins==
It was commonly understood that Southern Rhodesia would be the dominant territory in the federation – economically, electorally, and militarily. How much so defined much of the lengthy constitutional negotiations and modifications that followed. African political opposition and nationalist aspirations, for the time, were mute.

Decisive factors in both the creation and dissolution of the Federation were the significant difference between the number of Africans and Europeans in the Federation, and the difference between the number of Europeans in Southern Rhodesia compared to the Northern Protectorates.
Compounding this was the significant growth in Southern Rhodesia's European settler population (overwhelmingly British migrants), unlike in the Northern Protectorates. This was to greatly shape future developments in the Federation. In 1939, approximately 60,000 Europeans resided in Southern Rhodesia; shortly before the Federation was established there were 135,000; by the time the Federation was dissolved they had reached 223,000 (though newcomers could only vote after three years of residency). Nyasaland showed the least European and greatest African population growth.
{| class="wikitable" border="1" align=center
|+'''Numbers of white and black inhabitants before and during the CAF'''<ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to the History of Central Africa |last=Wills |first=A.J. |year=1967 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Durban |edition=2nd |isbn=0-620-06410-2 |page=Appendix IV |chapter=Three Territories |accessdate=10 September 2012 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=TLshAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Year !! colspan=2 | Southern Rhodesia !! colspan=2 | Northern Rhodesia !! colspan=2 | Nyasaland !! colspan=2 | Total
|-
| White || Black || White || Black || White || Black || White || Black
|-
| '''1927''' || 38,200 (3.98%) || 922,000 (96.02%) || 4,000 (0.4%) || 1,000,000 (99.6%) || 1,700 (0.13%) || 1,350,000 (99.87%) || 43,900 (1.32%) || 3,272,000 (98.68%)
|-
| '''1946''' || 80,500 (4.79%) || 1,600,000 (95.21%) || 21,919 (1.32%) || 1,634,980 (97.68%) || 2,300 (0.10%) || 2,340,000 (99.90%) || 104,719 (1.84%) || 5,574,980 (98.16%)
|-
| '''1955''' || 125,000 (4.95%) || 2,400,000 (95.05%) || 65,000 (3.02%) || 2,085,000 (96.98%) || 6,300 (0.25%) || 2,550,000 (99.75%) || 196,300 (2.71%) || 7,035,000 (97.28%)
|-
| '''1960''' || 223,000 (7.30%) || 2,830,000 (92.70%) || 76,000 (3.14%) || 2,340,000 (96.85%) || 9,300 (0.33%) || 2,810,000 (99.66%) || 308,300 (3.72%) || 7,980,000 (96.28%)
|}

[[File:Godfrey Huggins 1937.jpg|thumb|[[Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern|Sir Godfrey Huggins]]]]

The dominant role played by the Southern Rhodesian European population within the CAF is reflected in that played by its first leader, [[Godfrey Martin Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern|Sir Godfrey Huggins]] (created The 1st [[Viscount Malvern]] in 1955), [[Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Prime Minister of the Federation]] for its first three years and, before that, [[Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia]] for an uninterrupted 23 years.

Rather than a federation, Huggins favoured an amalgamation, creating a single state. However, after [[World War II]], Britain opposed this because Southern Rhodesia would dominate the property and income franchise (which excluded the vast majority of Africans) owing to its much larger European population. A federation was intended to curtail this.

The fate of the Federation was contested within the [[British Government]] by two principal [[Ministry (government department)|Ministries]] of [[British Crown|the Crown]] in deep ideological, personal and professional rivalry – the [[Colonial Office]] (CO) and the [[Commonwealth Relations Office]] (CRO) (and previously with it the [[Dominion Office]], abolished in 1947). The CO ruled the northern territories of Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, while the CRO was formally but indirectly in charge of Southern Rhodesia. The Northern Territories opposed a Southern Rhodesian hegemony, one that the CRO promoted. Significantly, the CO tended to be more sympathetic to African rights than the CRO, which tended to promote the interests of the Southern Rhodesian (and to a lesser extent, Northern Rhodesian) European settler populations.

It was convenient to have all three territories colonised by [[Cecil Rhodes]] under one constitution. But, for Huggins and the Rhodesian establishment, the central economic motive behind the CAF (or amalgamation) had always been the abundant copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia. Unlike [[the Rhodesias]], Nyasaland had no sizeable deposits of minerals and its tiny community of Europeans, largely [[Scottish people|Scottish]], was relatively sympathetic to African aspirations. Its inclusion in the Federation was always more a symbolic gesture than a practical necessity. Ironically, it was to be largely Nyasaland and its African population where the impetus for destabilisation of the CAF arose, leading to its dissolution.

==Arduous negotiations==
[[File:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland map 1960.jpg|thumb|A map of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the surrounding territories. The [[Southern Rhodesia]]n capital of [[Harare|Salisbury]] doubled as Federal capital.<br/>
[[:File:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland map 1960.jpg|Click here to enlarge map]].]]
On 8 November 1950, the first negotiations for a federal state for the Rhodesias and Nyasaland began. While many points of contention were worked out in the conferences that followed, several proved to be acute, and some, seemingly insurmountable. The negotiations and conferences were arduous. Southern Rhodesia and the Northern Territories had very different traditions for the 'Native Question' (black Africans) and the roles they were designed to play in civil society.

An agreement would likely not have been reached without [[Andrew Cohen (statesman)|Sir Andrew Cohen]], CO Assistant Undersecretary for African Affairs (and a later [[Governor of Uganda]]). He became one of the central architects and driving forces behind the creation of the Federation, often seemingly singlehandedly untangling deadlocks and outright walkouts on the part of the respective parties.

Cohen, who was [[Jew]]ish and traumatised by the [[Holocaust]], was an anti-racialist and an advocate of African rights. But he compromised his ideals to avoid what he saw as an even greater risk than the continuation of the paternalistic white ascendancy system of Southern Rhodesia – its becoming an even less flexible, radical white supremacy, like the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government in South Africa. [[Robert Blake, Baron Blake|Lord Blake]], the [[Oxford University|Oxford]]-based historian, wrote: "In that sense, [[Apartheid]] can be regarded as the father of Federation."

It took nearly three years for the CAF (as the new Federation became popularly known) to be established.

==Elaborate structure==
Following the insistences and reassurances of the Southern Rhodesian Prime Minister, [[Godfrey Martin Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern|Sir Godfrey Huggins]], a little more than 25,000 [[White people in Zimbabwe|white]] Southern Rhodesians voted in a referendum for a federal government, versus nearly 15,000 against.<ref>Blake, 268</ref> Africans in all three territories were resolutely against it.

The semi-independent federation (a 'quasi-[[dominion]]') was finally established, with five branches of government: one Federal, three Territorial, and one British. This often translated into confusion and jurisdictional rivalry among various levels of government. According to Blake, it proved to be "one of the most elaborately governed countries in the world."

Huggins became the first [[Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Prime Minister]] from 1953 to 1956, followed by [[Roy Welensky|Sir Roy Welensky]], a prominent Northern Rhodesian politician, from 1956 to the Federation's dissolution in December 1963.

Huggins resigned as Southern Rhodesia's Prime Minister to become Prime Minister of the Federation. The position of [[Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia]] was once again, as under Britain's Ministerial Titles Act of 1933, reduced to a Premier and taken by [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Garfield Todd]], the soon-to-be controversial [[centre-left]] politician.

In Southern Rhodesia, most [[United Rhodesia Party]] (UP) cabinet members joined Huggins. There was a marked exodus to the more prestigious realm of Federal politics, and it was considered that Todd's position and Territorial politics in general had become relatively unimportant, a place for the less ambitious politician. In fact, it was to prove decisive both to the future demise of the CAF, and to the rise of the [[Rhodesian Front]].

==Economic growth and political liberalism==
[[File:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland five pound note.jpg|right|320px|thumb|Federation Five Pound Note (1961)]]

Despite its convoluted government structure, the CAF economy was a success. In the first year of the federation, its GDP was an impressive £350 million; two years later it was nearly £450 million.<ref>Blake, 288.</ref> Yet the average income of a European remained approximately ten times that of an African employed in the cash economy, representing only one third of local Africans.

In 1955, the creation of the [[Kariba Dam|Kariba]] [[hydroelectricity|hydro-electric power station]] was announced. It was a remarkable feat of engineering creating the largest human-built dam on the planet at the time and costing £78 million. Its location highlighted the rivalry among Southern and Northern Rhodesia, with the former attaining its favoured location for the dam.

The CAF brought a decade of liberalism with respect to African rights. There were African junior ministers in the Southern Rhodesia-dominated CAF, while a decade earlier only 70 Africans qualified to vote in the Southern Rhodesian elections.

The property and income-qualified franchise of the CAF was, therefore, now much looser. While this troubled many whites, they continued to follow Huggins with the CAF's current structure, largely owing to the economic growth. But to Africans, this increasingly proved unsatisfactory and their leaders began to voice demands for majority rule.

==Rise of African nationalism==
[[File:RLIassault1963.PNG|thumb|Troops of the CAF's [[History of the Rhodesian Light Infantry (1961–72)|Rhodesian Light Infantry]] training in 1963]]

African dissent in the CAF grew, and at the same time British Government circles expressed objections to its structure and purpose – full [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] membership leading to independence as a [[dominion]].

In June 1956, Northern Rhodesia's [[Governor of Northern Rhodesia|Governor]], [[Arthur Benson|Sir Arthur Benson]], wrote a highly confidential letter heavily criticising the federation in general (and the new constitution planned for it) and Federal Prime Minister, Sir Roy Welensky, in particular. Nearly two years later, Huggins (now Lord Malvern) somehow obtained a copy of it and disclosed its contents to Welensky.

Relations between [[Whitehall]] and the CAF cabinet were never to recover. These events, for the first time, brought the attention of British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Prime Minister, [[Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton|Harold Macmillan]], to a crisis emerging in the CAF, but apparently he did not fully comprehend the gravity of the situation, attributing the row to the old CO-CRO rivalry and to Welensky taking personal offence to the letter's contents.

The issues of this specific row were in the immediate sense resolved quietly with some constitutional amendments, but it is now known that Welensky was seriously considering contingencies for a [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] (UDI) for the federation, though he ended up opting against it.

Meanwhile, towards the end of the decade, in the Northern Territories, Africans protested against the white minority rule of CAF. In July 1958, [[Doctor (title)|Dr]] [[Hastings Banda]], the leader of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) of Nyasaland (later [[Malawi Congress Party]]), returned from [[Great Britain]] to Nyasaland, while in October the militant [[Kenneth Kaunda]] became the leader of the [[Zambian African National Congress]] (ZANC), a [[Political factions|faction]] from the Northern Rhodesian ANC. The increasingly rattled CAF authorities banned ZANC in March 1959, and in June imprisoned Kaunda for nine months. While Kaunda was in [[gaol]], his loyal lieutenant [[Mainza Chona]] worked with other African nationalists to create the [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP), a successor to ZANC. In early 1959, unrest broke out in Nyasaland, which, according to historian Robert Blake, was "economically the poorest, politically the most advanced and numerically the least Europeanized of the three Territories."

The CAF government declared a [[state of emergency]]. Dr Banda and the rest of Nyasaland's ANC leadership were arrested and their party outlawed. Southern Rhodesian troops were deployed to bring order. The controversial British Labour MP [[John Stonehouse]] was expelled from Southern Rhodesia shortly before the state of emergency was proclaimed in Nyasaland, which outraged the [[British Labour Party]].

The affair drew the whole concept of the federation into question and even [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] Macmillan began to express misgivings about its political viability, although economically he felt it was sound. A [[Royal Commission]] to advise Macmillan on the future of the CAF, to be led by [[Walter Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley|The Viscount Monckton of Brenchley]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], the former [[Paymaster General]], was in the works. The [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations|Commonwealth Secretary]], [[Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home|The Earl of Home]], was sent to prepare Welensky, who was distinctly displeased about the arrival of the Commission.

Welensky at least found Lord Home in support of the existence of the CAF. By contrast, Lord Home's rival, and fellow [[Scots people|Scot]], the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]], [[Iain Macleod]], favoured African rights and dissolving the federation. Although Macmillan at the time supported Lord Home, the changes were already on the horizon. In Britain, Macmillan said that it was essential "to keep the Tory party on modern and progressive lines", noting electoral developments and especially the rise of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

==Dissolution==
[[Image:Rhodesia and Nyasaland.png|thumb|550px|Evolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
By the early 1960s, Macmillan went on his famous African tour leading to his [[Wind of Change (speech)|''Wind of Change'' speech]] to [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] in [[Cape Town]]. Change was well underway. By 1960, French African colonies had already become independent. [[Belgium]] more hastily [[Congo Crisis#Background|vacated its colony]] and thousands of European refugees fled the [[Belgian Congo]] from the brutalities of the civil war and into Southern Rhodesia.

During the Congolese crisis, Africans increasingly viewed CAF Prime Minister, Sir Roy Welensky, as an arch-reactionary and his support for [[History of Katanga#Congolese independence and Katangan secession|Katanga separatism]] added to this. Ironically, a few years later, in his by-election campaign against [[Ian Smith]]’s [[Rhodesian Front]], RF supporters heckled the comparatively moderate Welensky with cries of 'bloody Jew', 'Communist', and 'traitor'.

The new Commonwealth Secretary, [[Duncan Sandys, Baron Duncan-Sandys|Duncan Sandys]], negotiated the '1961 Constitution', a new constitution for the CAF which greatly reduced Britain's powers over it. But by 1962, the British and the CAF cabinet had agreed that Nyasaland should be allowed to secede, though Southern Rhodesian Premier [[Edgar Whitehead|Sir Edgar Whitehead]] committed the British to keep this secret until after the 1962 election in the territory. A year later, the same status was given to Northern Rhodesia, decisively ending the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in the immediate future.

In 1963, the [[Victoria Falls]] Conference was held, partly as a last effort to save the CAF, and partly as a forum to dissolve it. After nearly collapsing several times, it ended by 5 July 1963, and the state was virtually dissolved. Only the appropriation of its assets remained as a formality.

By 31 December, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formally dissolved and its assets distributed among the territorial governments. Southern Rhodesia obtained the vast majority of these including the assets of the Federal army, to which it had overwhelmingly contributed. In 1964, [[Northern Rhodesia]] gained independence as the Republic of [[Zambia]], obtaining [[majority rule]] and led by [[Kenneth Kaunda]]. The same year, the [[Nyasaland Protectorate]] became independent [[Malawi]] led by [[Hastings Banda]].

On 11 November 1965 Southern Rhodesia's government led by Prime Minister Ian Smith proclaimed a [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] from the United Kingdom. This attracted the world's attention and created outrage in Britain.

==Historical legacy==
Although the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland only lasted for 10 years, it had an important impact on Central Africa.

Its white minority rule, where a couple of hundred thousand Europeans - primarily in Southern Rhodesia - ruled over millions of Africans, was largely driven by paternalistic reformism, which included a mild form of racism and collided with rising African self-confidence and nationalism.

The British influenced and affiliated the federation and its institutions and racial relations differed from the only other regional power, the [[Union of South Africa]]. The dissolution of the CAF highlighted the discrepancy between the independent African-led nations of Zambia and Malawi and Southern Rhodesia, which remained ruled by a white minority government until the [[Internal Settlement]] in 1979 and soon found itself embroiled in a [[Rhodesian Bush War|civil war]] between the government and African nationalist and [[Socialism (Marxism)|socialist]] guerillas. Whereas both Malawi and Zambia developed into authoritarian [[single-party state]]s and remained so up to the post-Cold War era.

Following Southern Rhodesia's unilateral declaration of independence, a growing conflict emerged between two of the former CAF territories – Zambia (supporting African nationalists) and Southern Rhodesia (supported by South Africa) – with much heated diplomatic rhetoric, and, at times, outright military hostility.

==Postage and revenue stamps==
[[File:Fedrhnld.gif|thumb|right|CAF issued stamp]]

The Federation issued its first postage stamps in 1954, all with a portrait of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]. See main article at [[Postage stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]. Revenue stamps were also issued, see [[Revenue stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]].

== See also ==
* [[Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
* [[Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
* [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1953]]
* [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1958]]
* [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1962]]
* [[Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
* [[Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
* [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Liên kết ngoài==
==References==
{{More footnotes|date=November 2009}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Franklin, Henry. ''Unholy wedlock: the failure of the Central African Federation'' (G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1963).
* Blake, Robert. ''A History of Rhodesia'' (Eyre Methuen, London 1977).
* Hancock, Ian. ''White Liberals, Moderates, and Radicals in Rhodesia, 1953–1980'' (Croom Helm, Sydney, Australia, 1984).
* Mason, Phillip ''Year of Decision: Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1960'' (Oxford University Press, 1961).
* Phillips, C. E. Lucas. ''The vision splendid: the future of the Central African Federation'' (Heinemann, London, 1960).
* Leys, Colin and Pratt Cranford (eds.). ''A new deal in Central Africa'' (Heinemann, London, 1960).
* Clegg, Edward Marshall. ''Race and politics: partnership in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland''. (Oxford University Press, 1960).
* Gray, Richard. ''The two nations: aspects of the development of race relations in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland'' (Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 1960).
* Rogaly, Joe. ''Rhodesia: Britain's deep south''. (The Economist, London, 1962).
* Hall, Richard. ''The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South'' (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1969).
* [[Guy Clutton-Brock]]. ''Dawn in Nyasaland'' (Hodder and Stoughton, London 1959).
* Dorien, Ray. ''Venturing to the Rhodesias and Nyasaland'' (Johnson, London, 1962)
* Hanna, Alexander John. ''The story of the Rhodesias and Nyasaland.'' (Faber and Faber, 1965).
* Black, Colin. ''The lands and peoples of Rhodesia and Nyasaland'' (Macmillan, NY, 1961).
* Sanger, Clyde. ''Central African emergency'' (Heinemann, London 1960).
* Gann, Lewis H. ''Huggins of Rhodesia: the man and his country'' (Allen & Unwin, London, 1964).
* Gann, Lewis H. ''Central Africa: the former British states'' (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, 1971).
* Haw, Richard C. (fwd. by Sir Godfrey Huggins) ''No other home: Co-existence in Africa'' (S. Manning, Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia, 1960?).
* Taylor, Don. ''The Rhodesian: the life of Sir Roy Welensky.'' (Museum Press, London 1965).
* Wood, J.R.T. ''The Welensky papers: a history of the federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland'' (Graham Pub., Durban, 1983).
* Welensky, Roy, Sir. ''Welensky's 4000 days: the life and death of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland'' (Collins, London, 1964).
* [[Garry Allighan|Allighan, Garry]]. ''The Welensky story'' (Macdonald, London, 1962).
* Alport, Cuthbert James McCall, Lord. ''The sudden assignment: being a record of service in central Africa during the last controversial years of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1961–1963.'' (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1965).
* Thompson, Cecil Harry. ''Economic development in Rhodesia and Nyasaland'' (D. Dobson, Publisher London, 1954)
* Walker, Audrey A. ''The Rhodesias and Nyasaland: a guide to official publications'' (General Reference and Bibliography Division, Reference Dept., Library of Congress: for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Govt. Print. Off., 1965).
* Irvine, Alexander George. ''The balance of payments of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1945–1954.'' (Oxford University Press, 1959.)
* United States Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Near Eastern and African Division. ''Investment in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland: basic information for United States businessmen.'' (U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, 1956)
* Standard Bank of South Africa, Ltd. ''The federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland: general information for business organisations.'' (London, 1958).
* Sowelem, R. A. ''Toward financial independence in a developing economy: an analysis of the monetary experience of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1952–63.'' (Allen & Unwin, London, 1967).
* {{cite book|last1=Shutt|first1=Allison K|title=Manners Make A Nation: Racial Etiquette in Southern Rhodesia, 1910-1963|date=2015|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester}}

==External links==
*Rhodesia and Nyasaland Army http://www.rhodesia.nl/ceremonialparade.pdf
*Rhodesia and Nyasaland Army http://www.rhodesia.nl/ceremonialparade.pdf
*[http://www.rhodesia.me.uk Window on Rhodesia], an archive of the history and life of Rhodesia.
*[http://www.rhodesia.me.uk Window on Rhodesia], an archive of the history and life of Rhodesia.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Federation Of Rhodesia And Nyasaland}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liên bang Rhodesia và Nyasaland}}
[[Thể loại:Khởi đầu năm 1953]]
[[Category:1963 disestablishments]]
[[Thể loại:Chấm dứt năm 1963]]
[[Category:History of Malawi|Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of]]
[[Category:History of Zambia|Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of]]
[[Category:Zambia]]
[[Category:History of Zimbabwe|Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of]]
[[Category:Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1953]]
[[Category:Malawi]]
[[Category:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|*]]
[[Category:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|*]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Africa]]
[[Category:Cựu thuộc địa]]

Phiên bản lúc 13:39, ngày 10 tháng 12 năm 2015

Liên bang Rhodesia và Nyasaland
1953–1963
Quốc kỳ Rhodesia và Nyasaland
Quốc kỳ
Quốc huy Rhodesia và Nyasaland
Quốc huy
Tiêu ngữ: Magni Esse Mereamur
(Latin: Chúng ta hãy giành lấy điều vĩ đại)
Quốc ca: God Save the Queen
Vị trí Liên bang Rhodesia và Nyasaland tại miền nam châu Phi.
Vị trí Liên bang Rhodesia và Nyasaland
tại miền nam châu Phi.
Tổng quan
Thủ đôSalisbury
Ngôn ngữ thông dụng
Chính trị
Chính phủLiên bang
Toàn quyền 
• 1953–1957
John Jestyn Llewellin
• 1957–1963
Simon Ramsay
• 1963
Humphrey Gibbs
Thủ tướng 
• 1953–1956
Godfrey Huggins
• 1956–1963
Roy Welensky
Lịch sử
Thời kỳChiến tranh Lạnh
• Thành lập
1 tháng 8 1953
• Giải thể
31 tháng 12 1963
Địa lý
Diện tích 
• 
1.261.674 km2
(487.135 mi2)
Kinh tế
Đơn vị tiền tệpound Rhodesia và Nyasaland
Tiền thân		 Kế tục
Bắc Rhodesia
Nam Rhodesia
Nyasaland
Bắc Rhodesia
Nam Rhodesia
Nyasaland
Hiện nay là một phần của

Liên bang Rhodesia và Nyasaland (tiếng Anh: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland), còn gọi là Liên bang Trung Phi (CAF), là một liên bang bán độc lập của ba lãnh thổ tại miền nam châu Phi – thuộc địa tự trị Nam Rhodesia và các lãnh thổ bảo bộ Bắc Rhodesia và Nyasaland – của Đế quốc Anh, tồn tại từ năm 1953 đến năm 1963.

Liên bang được thành lập vào ngày 1 tháng 8 năm 1953.[1][2] Một toàn quyền đóng vai trò trung tâm trong liên bang, đây là người đại diện cho Nữ vương Anh. Một đặc điểm gây chú ý và lạ thường là Ban sự vụ người Phi, được lập để bảo vệ các lợi ích của người Phi, đặc biệt là liên bang đến lập pháp kỳ thị.[3] Tình trạng hiến pháp của ba lãnh thổ không bị tác động, dù các đạo luật nhất định áp dụng cho Liên bang với tư cách là bộ phận lãnh địa và một thuộc địa của Nữ vương Anh.[4] Kinh tế chưa từng là vấn đề khiến Liên bang thất bại mà đó thuần túy là do chính trị: phản đối kiên quyết và gia tăng của các cư dân người Phi.[5]

Những người cai trị của các quốc gia châu Phi da đen mới thống nhất trong ý muốn kết thúc chủ nghĩa thực dân tại châu Phi. Do hầu hết thế giới thoát khỏi chủ nghĩa thực dân vào cuối thập niên 1950 và đầu thập niên 1960, Anh Quốc phải chịu áp lực phi thực dân hóa từ cả Liên Hiệp Quốc và Organization of African Unity (OAU). Các tổ chức này ủng hộ nguyện vọng của những người dân tộc chủ nghĩa châu Phi da đen và tán thành yêu sách của họ là nhân danh cho nhân dân.

Liên bang chính thức kết thúc vào ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 1963.[6][7] Năm 1964, một thời gian ngắn sau khi giải thể, Bắc Rhodesia trở thành một nước cộng hòa độc lập với tên gọi Zambia còn Nyasaland trở thành một vương quốc Thịnh vượn chung độc lập có tên gọi Malawi. Năm 1965, Nam Rhodesia đoạn tuyệt với luật pháp Anh Quốc và đơn phương tuyên bố độc với với tên gọi Rhodesia.

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federation Act, 1953 of the United Kingdom (1 and 2 EI, 2, c. 30)
  2. ^ Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Constitution) Order in Council, 1953 of the United Kingdom, S.I. 1953 No. 1199, p. 1804
  3. ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 745
  4. ^ 'Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 745(word-for-word quote as at 3 May 2015)
  5. ^ 'Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 745(word-for-word quote as at 3 May 2015)
  6. ^ Rhodesia and Nyasaland Act, 1964
  7. ^ Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Dissolution) Order in Council, 1963, S.I. 1963 No. 2085, p.4477.

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