Hệ số UEFA

Hệ số UEFA  trong bóng đá châu Âu được thống kê để sử dụng trong việc xếp hạng và xếp hạt giống trong các giải đấu quốc tế và cấp câu lạc bộ. Ra mắt vào năm 1979, hệ số này được UEFA, tổ chức quản lý bóng đá châu Âu tính toán.

Có ba loại hệ số được tính toán dành cho các giải đấu bóng đá nam:

• Hệ số đội tuyển quốc gia: used to rank national teams, for seeding in the UEFA Euro qualifying and finals tournaments
• Country coefficient: used to rank the collective performance of the clubs of each member association, for assigning the number of places, and at what stage clubs enter the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League
• Club coefficient: used to rank individual clubs, for seeding in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League

While not discussed in this article, coefficients are calculated in a similar fashion for women's competitions such as the UEFA Women's Euro and the UEFA Women's Champions League, as well as for youth tournaments such as the UEFA Euro U-21 tournament.

Hệ số đội tuyển quốc gia

The UEFA national team coefficient is derived from the results of each European national football team, and only calculated by UEFA every second year in November; defined as being the point of time when all UEFA nations have completed the qualification stage of the upcoming World Cup or European Championship tournament.

The purpose of calculating the coefficients is to compile an official UEFA rank, to be used as seeding criteria for the European nations, when drawing up qualification groups and the final tournament groups of the European Championship. Previously, up until 2006, the UEFA national team coefficient was also used for the seeded draw of World Cup qualification groups in Europe, while the draw for final tournament groups of the World Cup was always seeded on the basis of the official FIFA World Rankings. The reason why UEFA stopped using UEFA national team coefficients for the seeding of World Cup qualification groups was a request from FIFA to only use the official FIFA ranking for all seeded draws related to the World Cup tournament.

Phương pháp tính và xếp hạng cũ

It was first introduced in 2003 and used for seeding the 2004 European Final tournament and 2006 World Cup qualification. Until the end of the Euro 2008 tournament, the UEFA national team coefficient was calculated by dividing the number of all points scored (three points for a win, one for a draw) by the number of all matches played, in the last two qualification rounds of the World Cup or European Championship. Results from the final tournaments, Play-off matches and friendly games were all ignored. In those cases where a nation did not take part at one of the two latest qualifying rounds, due to being directly qualified as a host, only one qualifying round would be taken into account.

If two or more nations ended up with exactly the same coefficient, the following ranking criteria was applied:

1. Highest coefficient from the matches played in the most recent qualifying competition.
2. Biggest average goal difference per game, found by dividing the sum of all goal differences by the number of ranked matches.
3. Highest average number of goals scored per game.
4. Highest average number of away goals scored per game.
5. Drawing of lots.

The last three times UEFA used this calculation method was for the final UEFA coefficients in 2003, 2005 and 2007.

Phương pháp tính và xếp hạng hiện tại

On ngày 20 tháng 5 năm 2008, UEFA announced changes to the coefficient ranking system. The ranking will continue to be calculated every second year in November, but under the new system, teams now gain ranking points for each game played in the most recently completed full cycle (defined as all qualifying games and final tournament games) of both the World Cup and European Championship, with addition of ranking points for each game played at the latest completed half cycle (defined as all games played in the latest qualifying round). Ranking points for all games played inside those two and a half cycles, will be awarded according to the rules listed below.

1. 10,000 points are awarded for each match played, regardless of the match result.
2. Each team earns an additional 30,000 for winning and 10,000 for drawing.
3. In case of a game decided by penalty shoot out, the points are allocated as a draw, with the winner of the shoot-out gaining an additional 10,000 points.
4. Each match at the final tournament, or play-offs to determine qualification, are also granted some extra bonus points, ranging from 6,000 points for all play-offs or World Cup group stage games, to 38,000 points for playing a final.
5. 501 points are earned for each goal scored, and -500 are given for each goal conceded.
6. Coefficients are calculated for each two and a half cycle, by dividing the sum of earned points with the number of games played.
7. When calculating the overall average coefficient for the cycles, the latest full cycle and half cycle will each have double the weight, compared to the oldest full cycle.
8. Special arrangements are in place for those nations that did not participate in one of the previous qualifying tournaments due to hosting the competition.

Xếp hạng cuối năm 2015

The coefficients from 2015, to be used for the seeding and pot placements in the draw for UEFA Euro 2016 groups, were calculated for each country by averaging:

• 40% of the average ranking points per game earned in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying stage
• 40% of the average ranking points per game earned in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying stage and final tournament
• 20% of the average ranking points per game earned in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying stage and final tournament.

The seeding and pot placements of the teams in the draw for UEFA Euro 2016 were based on UEFA coefficients, determined on ngày 13 tháng 10 năm 2015, which are as follows:

Hệ số quốc gia

Map of UEFA countries whose teams have reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League

The country coefficient is used to rank the football associations of Europe, and thus determine the number of clubs from an association that will participate in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.

The UEFA ranking determines the number of teams competing in the season after the next, not in the first season after the publication of the ranking. Thus, the rankings at the end of the 2015–16 season determine the team allocation by association in the 2017–18 (not 2016–17) UEFA season; however, the actual teams that will be participating in the 2016–17 UEFA season are determined at the end of the 2015–16 season when the individual association classifications and national cups are finalized.

This coefficient is determined by the results of the clubs of the associations in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League games over the past five seasons. Two points are awarded for each win by a club, and one for a draw (points are halved in the qualifying and playoff rounds). Results determined by extra time do count in determining the allocation of points, but results determined by penalty-shootouts do not affect the allocation of points, other than for bonus points given for qualification into the latter rounds of the Champions League or the Europa League. The number of points awarded each season is divided by the number of teams that participated for that association in that season. This number is then rounded down to three decimal places (e.g. 2⅔ would be rounded to 2.666).

To determine a country's coefficient for a particular season, the coefficients for the last five seasons are added. Bonus points are added to the number of points scored in a season. Bonus points are allocated for:

• Clubs that reach the quarter-finals, semi-finals, or final of either the UEFA Champions League or the UEFA Europa League (1 bonus point).
• Clubs that qualify for the group stage of the Champions League (4 bonus points).
• Clubs that qualify for the round of 16 of the Champions League (5 bonus points).

Xếp hạng hiện tại

The ranking below takes into account of each association's performance in European competitions from 2011–12 to 2015–16, with the 2015–16 season currently taking place.

The final ranking at the end of the 2015–16 season will be used to determine the number of places for each association in the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League and 2017–18 UEFA Europa League.

Note: Starting from the 2015–16 season, all associations will have a maximum of three teams entering the Europa League.

As of ngày 9 tháng 3 năm 2016 the coefficients are as follows:

Rank 2016	Rank 2015	Mvmt.	Member association (L: League, C: Cup, LC: League cup1)	2011–12	2012–13	2013–14	2014–15	2015–16	Coeff.	Teams	CL places	EL places	Total
1	1	—	Tây Ban Nha (L, C)	20.857	17.714	23.000	20.214	16.357	98.142	7/7	4	3	7
2	3	+1	Đức (L, C)	15.250	17.928	14.714	15.857	13.857	77.606	4/7
3	2	–1	Anh (L, C, LC1)	15.250	16.428	16.785	13.571	11.875	73.909	5/8
4	4	—	Ý (L, C)	11.357	14.416	14.166	19.000	11.333	70.272	2/6	3		6
5	6	+1	Pháp (L, C, LC1)	10.500	11.750	8.500	10.916	10.916	52.582	1/6
6	5	–1	Bồ Đào Nha (L, C)	11.833	11.750	9.916	9.083	9.833	52.415	2/6
7	7	—	Nga (L, C)	9.750	9.750	10.416	9.666	11.500	51.082	0/5	2		5
8	8	—	Ukraina (L, C)	7.750	9.500	7.833	10.000	7.400	42.483	2/5
9	10	+1	Bỉ (L, C)	10.100	6.500	6.400	9.600	7.400	40.000	1/5
10	9	–1	Hà Lan (L, C)	13.600	4.214	5.916	6.083	5.583	35.396	1/6
11	12	+1	Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ (L, C)	5.100	10.200	6.700	6.000	6.200	34.200	1/5
12	11	–1	Thụy Sĩ (L, C)	6.000	8.375	7.200	6.900	5.100	33.575	1/5
13	14	+1	Cộng hòa Séc (L, C)	5.250	8.500	8.000	3.875	6.500	32.125	1/5
14	13	–1	Hy Lạp (L, C)	7.600	4.400	6.100	6.200	5.400	29.700	0/5
15	15	—	România (L, C)	4.333	6.800	6.875	5.125	2.250	25.383	0/4
16	16	—	Áo (L, C)	7.125	2.250	7.800	4.125	3.800	25.100	0/5	1		4
17	17	—	Croatia (L, C)	3.750	4.375	4.375	6.875	4.500	23.875	0/4
18	19	+1	Poland (L, C)	6.625	2.500	3.125	4.750	5.500	22.500	0/4
19	18	–1	Cyprus (L, C)	9.125	4.000	2.750	3.300	3.000	22.175	0/4
20	21	+1	Belarus (L, C)	3.125	4.500	1.750	5.500	5.125	20.000	0/4
21	24	+3	Sweden (L, C)	2.900	5.125	3.200	3.900	4.750	19.875	0/4
22	26	+4	Norway (L, C)	2.300	4.900	2.600	2.200	7.250	19.250	0/4
23	20	–3	Israel (L, C)	6.000	3.250	5.750	1.375	2.250	18.625	0/4
24	22	–2	Denmark (L, C)	3.100	3.300	3.800	2.900	5.500	18.600	0/4
25	23	–2	Scotland (L, C)	2.750	4.300	3.250	4.000	3.000	17.300	0/4
26	29	+3	Azerbaijan (L, C)	1.375	3.000	2.500	3.625	4.375	14.875	0/4
27	27	—	Serbia (L, C)	2.125	3.000	2.500	2.750	4.250	14.625	0/4
28	32	+4	Kazakhstan (L, C)	1.625	1.375	3.125	3.375	4.625	14.125	0/4
29	25	–4	Bulgaria (L, C)	1.500	0.750	5.625	4.250	1.000	13.125	0/4
30	28	–2	Slovenia (L, C)	2.250	3.250	2.625	4.000	1.000	13.125	0/4
31	30	–1	Slovakia (L, C)	2.375	1.500	1.625	2.750	3.750	12.000	0/4
32	38	+6	Liechtenstein (C2)	2.000	0.000	1.000	2.500	5.000	10.500	0/1	0	1	1
33	31	–2	Hungary (L, C)	2.250	3.000	0.875	2.125	1.625	9.875	0/4	1	3	4
34	33	–1	Moldova (L, C)	0.500	2.250	3.375	1.750	1.250	9.125	0/4
35	36	+1	Iceland (L, C)	1.375	1.250	2.500	2.500	1.125	8.750	0/4
36	34	–2	Georgia (L, C)	2.875	1.500	1.875	1.250	0.625	8.125	0/4
37	35	–2	Finland (L, C)	1.500	2.000	0.500	2.400	1.000	7.400	0/4
38	37	–1	Bosnia and Herzegovina (L, C)	1.125	1.250	1.500	1.750	1.500	7.125	0/4
39	42	+3	Albania (L, C)	0.875	0.750	2.000	0.875	2.125	6.625	0/4
40	39	–1	Macedonia (L, C)	1.625	1.250	0.500	1.125	1.500	6.000	0/4
41	40	–1	Republic of Ireland (L, C)	1.500	1.000	0.250	2.000	0.700	5.450	0/5
42	46	+4	Latvia (L, C)	0.625	1.250	1.625	0.250	1.625	5.375	0/4
43	43	—	Luxembourg (L, C)	1.125	1.375	1.500	0.500	0.750	5.250	0/4
44	41	–3	Montenegro (L, C)	0.500	1.375	1.250	0.750	1.000	4.875	0/4
45	45	—	Lithuania (L, C)	1.000	1.125	1.250	0.500	0.750	4.625	0/4
46	44	–2	Northern Ireland (L, C)	0.500	1.000	0.875	1.375	0.750	4.500	0/4
47	48	+1	Estonia (L, C)	0.375	0.375	1.000	1.500	1.000	4.250	0/4
48	51	+3	Armenia (L, C)	0.125	0.875	1.125	0.375	1.625	4.125	0/4
49	49	—	Faroe Islands (L, C)	0.500	0.500	0.875	1.375	0.375	3.625	0/4
50	47	–3	Malta (L, C)	0.833	0.875	0.875	0.125	0.875	3.583	0/4
51	50	–1	Wales (L, C)	0.625	0.500	0.750	0.125	1.500	3.500	0/4
52	54	+2	Gibraltar (L3, C)	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.250	0.750	1.000	0/2		1	2
53	52	–1	Andorra (L, C)	0.000	0.000	0.333	0.500	0.166	0.999	0/3		2	3
54	53	–1	San Marino (L, C)	0.000	0.000	0.333	0.000	0.000	0.333	0/3

¹ The winners of the league cups of England and France are given a place in the UEFA Europa League by special permission from UEFA. ² The Liechtenstein Football Association does not organize a national league competition as it does not have the necessary amount of national clubs. As a result, the only competitor from Liechtenstein in European competitions is the Liechtenstein Cup winners, who qualify for the UEFA Europa League. ³ The Gibraltar Football Association has only one place in each of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League as per decision by the UEFA Executive Committee. This will be reviewed in February 2016.

UEFA uses this coefficient system to decide which teams gain automatic entry to the group stage and which teams must go through qualifying. The teams who occupy the top three league places in the countries ranked 1 to 3 in UEFA competition gain automatic entry into the group stages for the following season’s Champions League competition. The first and second placed teams in the countries ranked 4 to 6 also gain automatic entry, as do the champions in the countries ranked 7 to 12. The Champions League and Europa League winners also get the chance to participate in the following season’s competition, with the Champions League title holders guaranteed an automatic entry into the group stage.

Quy định thêm về trường hợp Liechtenstein và các trường hợp tương tự.

According to the UEFA regulations a National League needs to consist of at least eight clubs to be considered valid, otherwise no participants of such a league will be allowed to enter European competitions. There are only seven clubs that are active in Liechtenstein, all of which play in neighbouring Switzerland's league competitions. Note: prior to the introduction of the Welsh Premier League in 1992 Wales also had a single participant, the winner (or best placed Welsh team as several English teams also competed) of the Welsh Cup, in the European competitions.

Lịch sử

Ranking has been published by UEFA since 1979 to identify the number of participants for each country in the UEFA Cup after the re-organization of the Inter-cities Fairs Cup in 1971. No calculation of coefficients took place prior to that. Later, for statistical purposes, various rankings were introduced to portray the history of competitions. Because the Inter-cities Fairs Cup was limited only to certain clubs and/or by invitation no coefficient calculation was necessary. According to the prorated (extended) calculation system only four leagues have succeeded in being the top European league.

Due to the Heysel Stadium disaster, all English teams were banned from UEFA competitions in 1985 and so the First Division did not gain any coefficient points until the ban was lifted after 5 seasons, directly affecting the ranking of the First Division and then the Premier League for 9 years from 1986 to 1994; top in 1985, England was unranked in 1990, and would not regain the top position until 2008.

The table shows the ranking of nations with respect to the total number of years leading in Europe:

League	Total
Serie A	13
La Liga	11
Bundesliga	7
First Division/Premier League	6

Hệ số câu lạc bộ

The club coefficient rankings are determined by the results of clubs in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League over the previous five seasons, as well as by the coefficient of the clubs' association. The club coefficient is the sum of the points earned by the club over the five seasons plus 20% of the club's association coefficient.

The clubs receive two points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a defeat in games of the main stages of the Champions League and the Europa League. Results determined after extra-time are included in this method, however results determined after penalty shoot-outs are not (the result is considered a draw). Bonus points for entering the Europa League group stage are not additional to win/draw points; they provide a minimum points allowance for participating clubs, whereas bonus points for entering the Champions League group stage (and those for qualifying to the knockout stage) are additional to win/draw points.

Qualifying round results are only taken into account if the team is eliminated in one of the rounds (see table below). Otherwise, the qualifying round results are taken into account only for the calculation of the association's coefficient and are halved. The clubs do not receive any points for elimination in the Champions League third qualifying round or the play-off because those teams move to the Europa League and receive points from participation in that competition.

Round	Points awarded
	Champions League	Europa League
First qualifying round elimination	0.5	0.25
Second qualifying round elimination	1	0.5
Third qualifying round elimination	–	1
Play-off elimination	–	1.5
Group stage participation	4	2
Win in group stage or subsequent round	2	2
Draw in group stage or subsequent round	1	1
Round of 16 participation	5	–
Quarter-finals, semi-finals, and finals participation	1	1

This ranking is used by UEFA to determine a club's seeding in club competition draws, including the preliminary and first rounds of the Champions League, and the preliminary, first and second rounds of the Europa League.

Before 1999 a number of strong teams in the UEFA Cup were seeded such that those teams did not meet in the first two rounds. To determine these teams, the sum of, the ratio of the number of points achieved to the number of games played by each team, was calculated for the past five years.

Xếp hạng câu lạc bộ UEFA

The top 25 clubs as of ngày 9 tháng 3 năm 2016 are as follows.

Rank 2016	Rank 2015	Mvmt.	Club	Association	2011–12	2012–13	2013–14	2014–15	2015–16	Coeff.
1	1	—	Real Madrid	Tây Ban Nha	36.1714	29.5428	39.6000	33.0428	28.2714	166.628
2	3	+1	Bayern Munich	Đức	33.0500	36.5856	29.9428	31.1714	22.7714	153.521
3	2	–1	Barcelona	Tây Ban Nha	34.1714	27.5428	28.6000	38.0428	24.2714	152.628
4	4	—	Chelsea	Anh	33.0500	30.2856	28.3570	23.7142	20.3750	135.781
5	5	—	Atlético Madrid	Tây Ban Nha	34.1714	13.5428	37.6000	26.0428	22.2714	133.628
6	6	—	Benfica	Bồ Đào Nha	23.3666	28.3500	30.9832	9.8166	22.9666	115.483
7	11	+4	Paris Saint-Germain	Pháp	9.1000	27.3500	26.7000	23.1832	25.1832	111.516
8	14	+6	Juventus	Ý	2.2714	25.8832	25.8332	32.8000	20.2666	107.054
9	9	—	Arsenal	Anh	22.0500	21.2856	21.3570	22.7142	17.3750	104.781
10	13	+3	Borussia Dortmund	Đức	10.0500	33.5856	24.9428	21.1714	13.7714	103.521
11	7	–4	Schalke 04	Đức	20.0500	22.5856	18.9428	20.1714	13.7714	95.521
12	12	—	Valencia	Tây Ban Nha	25.1714	22.5428	26.6000	4.0428	15.2714	93.628
13	15	+2	Zenit Saint Petersburg	Nga	19.9500	14.9500	18.0832	18.9332	21.3000	93.216
14	8	–6	Porto	Bồ Đào Nha	12.3666	22.3500	17.9832	26.8166	12.9666	92.483
15	17	+2	Manchester City	Anh	20.0500	10.2856	22.3570	17.7142	21.3750	91.781
16	20	+4	Napoli	Ý	21.2714	8.8832	18.8332	25.8000	15.2666	90.054
17	16	–1	Bayer Leverkusen	Đức	19.0500	12.5856	18.9428	21.1714	15.7714	87.521
18	19	+1	Basel	Thụy Sĩ	20.2000	17.6750	20.4400	16.3800	12.0200	86.715
19	23	+4	Sevilla	Tây Ban Nha	5.6714	3.5428	26.6000	32.0428	13.2714	81.128
20	10	–10	Manchester United	Anh	16.0500	21.2856	26.3570	2.7142	14.3750	80.781
21	21	—	Tottenham Hotspur	Anh	10.0500	19.2856	18.3570	11.7142	14.3750	73.781
22	28	+6	Olympiacos	Hy Lạp	17.5200	10.8800	19.2200	12.2400	11.0800	70.940
23	18	–5	Shakhtar Donetsk	Ukraina	9.5500	18.9000	12.5666	19.0000	10.4800	70.496
24	32	+8	Athletic Bilbao	Tây Ban Nha	27.1714	7.5428	4.6000	14.0428	15.2714	68.628
25	22	–3	Milan	Ý	22.2714	19.8832	18.8332	3.8000	2.2666	67.054

Câu lạc bộ dẫn đầu từng thời kỳ

The following data indicate the top-ranked clubs in each 5-year period. Data prior to 1975–1979 period has been calculated, but precedes the first published by the Confederation and has merely informative value.

Years Club Coeff. 1975–1979 Borussia Mönchengladbach 8.402 1976–1980 Borussia Mönchengladbach 7.985 1977–1981 Barcelona 7.652 1978–1982 Barcelona 7.832 1979–1983 Barcelona 7.998 1980–1984 Liverpool 8.277 1981–1985 Liverpool 9.054 1982–1986 Anderlecht 7.915 Juventus 7.915 1983–1987 Juventus 8.665 1984–1988 Juventus 8.388 1985–1989 Bayern Munich 7.846 1986–1990 Bayern Munich 8.096 1987–1991 Juventus 8.291 1988–1992 Real Madrid 7.975 1989–1993 Real Madrid 7.850 1990–1994 Real Madrid 7.600 1991–1995 Real Madrid 7.266 1992–1996 Ajax 9.124

Years Club Coeff. 1993–1997 Juventus 8.719 1994–1998 Paris Saint-Germain 8.716 1995–1999 Juventus 121.606 1996–2000 Juventus 109.963 1997–2001 Real Madrid 114.605 1998–2002 Real Madrid 147.233 1999–2003 Real Madrid 151.769 2000–2004 Real Madrid 146.350 2001–2005 Real Madrid 131.326 2002–2006 Milan 129.020 2003–2007 Milan 133.808 2004–2008 Chelsea 124.996 2005–2009 Barcelona 121.853 2006–2010 Barcelona 136.951 2007–2011 Manchester United 151.157 2008–2012 Barcelona 157.837 2009–2013 Barcelona 157.605 2010–2014 Real Madrid 161.542 2011–2015 Real Madrid 171.999

Top-rated clubs listed by number of times they were top-ranked over a 5-year period since the first period officially analysed (1975–1979):

Rank	Club	Total
1	Real Madrid	11
2	Juventus	7
	Barcelona	7
4	Borussia Mönchengladbach	2
	Bayern Munich	2
	Liverpool	2
	Milan	2
8	Ajax	1
	Anderlecht	1
	Paris Saint-Germain	1
	Chelsea	1
	Manchester United	1

Chỉ trích

The UEFA coefficient system has been criticised for being likely to preserve the status quo for rankings and seedings, as well as for favouring teams from stronger nations.

Xem thêm

• UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking

Liên kết ngoài

• Official UEFA rankings
• League and club coefficients at xs4all.nl
• UEFA Access List
• UEFA Country Ranking