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*Theo công dụng: gồm vữa xây, vữa trát, vữa lát, ốp, vữa dùng để trang trí hoặc những loại đặc biệt như vữa chống thấm, vữa chịu nhiệt độ cao, vữa chịu độ mặn...
*Theo công dụng: gồm vữa xây, vữa trát, vữa lát, ốp, vữa dùng để trang trí hoặc những loại đặc biệt như vữa chống thấm, vữa chịu nhiệt độ cao, vữa chịu độ mặn...
==Lịch sử==
==Lịch sử==

{{đang dịch}}
{{Đang dịch 2 (nguồn)|ngày=13
The first mortars were made of mud and [[clay]]. Because of a lack of stone and an abundance of clay, [[Babylonia]]n constructions were of baked brick, using lime or [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]] for mortar. According to [[Roman Ghirshman]], the first evidence of humans using a form of mortar was at the [[ziggurat]] of [[Sialk]] in Iran, built of sun-dried bricks in 2900 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=37364&sectionid=3510304 |title=No Operation |publisher=Presstv.ir |date= |accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref> The [[Chogha Zanbil]] Temple in Iran was built in about 1250 BC with kiln-fired bricks and a strong mortar of [[bitumen]].
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Hỗn hợp vữa xuất hiện đầu tiên được làm từ [[bùn]] [[đất sét]]. Do người [[Babylon]] không nhiều [[đá]] đất sét cho nên các công trình của họ làm từ [[gạch nung]], sử dụng vôi hoặc [[hắc ín]] làm vữa để gắn kết. According to [[Roman Ghirshman]], the first evidence of humans using a form of mortar was at the [[ziggurat]] of [[Sialk]] in Iran, built of sun-dried bricks in 2900 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=37364&sectionid=3510304 |title=No Operation |publisher=Presstv.ir |date= |accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref> The [[Chogha Zanbil]] Temple in Iran was built in about 1250 BC with kiln-fired bricks and a strong mortar of [[bitumen]].


In early [[Egyptian pyramids]] constructed about 2600–2500 BC, the limestone blocks were bound by mortar of mud and clay, or clay and sand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/smallstep.htm |title=Egypt: Egypt's Ancient, Small, Southern, Step Pyramids |publisher=Touregypt.net |date=2011-06-21 |accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref> In later Egyptian pyramids, the mortar was made of either [[gypsum]] or lime.<ref name="hcia.gr">{{cite web|url=http://www.hcia.gr/3a.html |title=HCIA - 2004 |publisher=Hcia.gr |date= |accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref> Gypsum mortar was essentially a mixture of [[plaster]] and [[sand]] and was quite soft.
In early [[Egyptian pyramids]] constructed about 2600–2500 BC, the limestone blocks were bound by mortar of mud and clay, or clay and sand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/smallstep.htm |title=Egypt: Egypt's Ancient, Small, Southern, Step Pyramids |publisher=Touregypt.net |date=2011-06-21 |accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref> In later Egyptian pyramids, the mortar was made of either [[gypsum]] or lime.<ref name="hcia.gr">{{cite web|url=http://www.hcia.gr/3a.html |title=HCIA - 2004 |publisher=Hcia.gr |date= |accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref> Gypsum mortar was essentially a mixture of [[plaster]] and [[sand]] and was quite soft.
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It is not understood how the art of making hydraulic mortar and cement, which was perfected and in such widespread use by both the Greeks and Romans, was then lost for almost two millennia. During the [[Middle Ages]] when the Gothic cathedrals were being built, the only active ingredient in the mortar was lime. Since cured [[lime mortar]] can be degraded by contact with water, many structures suffered from wind blown rain over the centuries.
It is not understood how the art of making hydraulic mortar and cement, which was perfected and in such widespread use by both the Greeks and Romans, was then lost for almost two millennia. During the [[Middle Ages]] when the Gothic cathedrals were being built, the only active ingredient in the mortar was lime. Since cured [[lime mortar]] can be degraded by contact with water, many structures suffered from wind blown rain over the centuries.

==Tham khảo==
==Tham khảo==
{{tham khảo}}
{{tham khảo}}

Phiên bản lúc 08:37, ngày 13 tháng 7 năm 2013

Vữa liên kết với gạch nhằm tạo lên tường gạch.
Hỗn hợp vữa xi măng Portland và cát đã được trộn và chuẩn bị sử dụng.

Vữa là hỗn hợp được chọn một cách hợp lý (nhân tạo), trộn đều của chất kết dính vô cơ, cốt liệu nhỏ với nước theo những tỷ lệ thích hợp, sau khi cứng rắn có khả năng chịu lực hoặc liên kết giữa các cấu kiện xây dựng. Trong trường hợp cần thiết, hỗn hợp vữa có thêm các chất phụ gia vô cơ hoặc hữu cơ nhằm thu được những tính năng đặc biệt cho vữa.[1][2]

Vữa thường được phân loại theo chất kết dính, theo khối lượng thể tích và theo công dụng của vữa:[2]

  • Theo chất kết dính: vữa xi măng, vữa vôi, vữa thạch cao, vữa hỗn hợp (như xi măng - vôi, xi măng - cát - phụ gia...)
  • Theo khối lượng thể tích: gồm vữa nặng khối lượng riêng ρV > 1500 kg/m3; vữa nhẹ ρV < 1500 kg/m3
  • Theo công dụng: gồm vữa xây, vữa trát, vữa lát, ốp, vữa dùng để trang trí hoặc những loại đặc biệt như vữa chống thấm, vữa chịu nhiệt độ cao, vữa chịu độ mặn...

Lịch sử

Hỗn hợp vữa xuất hiện đầu tiên được làm từ bùnđất sét. Do người Babylon không có nhiều đá và đất sét cho nên các công trình của họ làm từ gạch nung, sử dụng vôi hoặc hắc ín làm vữa để gắn kết. According to Roman Ghirshman, the first evidence of humans using a form of mortar was at the ziggurat of Sialk in Iran, built of sun-dried bricks in 2900 BC.[3] The Chogha Zanbil Temple in Iran was built in about 1250 BC with kiln-fired bricks and a strong mortar of bitumen.

In early Egyptian pyramids constructed about 2600–2500 BC, the limestone blocks were bound by mortar of mud and clay, or clay and sand.[4] In later Egyptian pyramids, the mortar was made of either gypsum or lime.[5] Gypsum mortar was essentially a mixture of plaster and sand and was quite soft.

In the Indian subcontinent, multiple cement types have been observed in the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as the Mohenjo-daro city-settlement that dates to earlier than 2600 BC. Gypsum cement that was "light grey and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime" was used in the construction of wells, drains and on the exteriors of "important looking buildings." Bitumen mortar was also used at a lower-frequency, including in the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro.[6][7]

Historically, building with concrete and mortar next appeared in Greece. The excavation of the underground aqueduct of Megara revealed that a reservoir was coated with a pozzolanic mortar 12 mm thick. This aqueduct dates back to c. 500 BC.[8] Pozzolanic mortar is a lime based mortar, but is made with an additive of volcanic ash that allows it to be hardened underwater; thus it is known as hydraulic cement. The Greeks obtained the volcanic ash from the Greek islands Thira and Nisiros, or from the then Greek colony of Dicaearchia (Pozzuoli) near Naples, Italy. The Romans later improved the use and methods of making what became known as pozzolanic mortar and cement.[5] Even later, the Romans used a mortar without pozzolana using crushed terra cotta, introducing aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide into the mix. This mortar was not as strong as pozzolanic mortar, but, because it was denser, it better resisted penetration by water.[9]

Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash. Around AD 500, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic−organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar.[10][11]

It is not understood how the art of making hydraulic mortar and cement, which was perfected and in such widespread use by both the Greeks and Romans, was then lost for almost two millennia. During the Middle Ages when the Gothic cathedrals were being built, the only active ingredient in the mortar was lime. Since cured lime mortar can be degraded by contact with water, many structures suffered from wind blown rain over the centuries.

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Tham khảo Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam, TCVN 3121:1979, Vữa và hỗn vữa xây dựng - Phương pháp thử cơ lý
  2. ^ a b Vữa xây dựng tại oct.vn
  3. ^ “No Operation”. Presstv.ir. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  4. ^ “Egypt: Egypt's Ancient, Small, Southern, Step Pyramids”. Touregypt.net. 21 tháng 6 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  5. ^ a b “HCIA - 2004”. Hcia.gr. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  6. ^ O. P. Jaggi, History of science and technology in India, Volume 1, Atma Ram, 1969, ... In some of the important-looking buildings, gypsum cement of a light gray colour was used on the outside to prevent the mud mortar from crumbling down. In a very well constructed drain of the Intermediate period, the mortar which was used contains a high percentage of lime instead of gypsum. Bitumen was found to have been used only at one place in Mohenjo-daro. This was in the construction of the great bath ...
  7. ^ Abdur Rahman, History of Indian science, technology, and culture, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-19-564652-8, ... Gypsum cement was found to have been used in the construction of a well in Mohenjo-daro. The cement was light grey and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime ...
  8. ^ [1]
  9. ^ “American Scientist Online”. Americanscientist.org. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  10. ^ "Revealing the Ancient Chinese Secret of Sticky Rice Mortar"[[Science Daily]]”. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 6 năm 2010. Tựa đề URL chứa liên kết wiki (trợ giúp)
  11. ^ Fuwei Yang, Bingjian Zhang, and Qinglin Ma, ‘’ Study of Sticky Rice−Lime Mortar Technology for the Restoration of Historical Masonry Construction’’, Acc. Chem. Res., 2010, 43 (6), pp 936–944

Thư mục

  • Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam, TCVN 3121 : 1979, Vữa và hỗn vữa xây dựng - Phương pháp thử cơ lý
  • Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam, TCVN 3121 : 2003, Vữa xây dựng - Phương pháp thử