Ôn Tộ Vương

Ôn Tộ, hay Onjo, (? - 28; trị vì: 18 TCN – 28) là vị vua đầu tiên của Bách Tế, một trong ba Tam Hàn. According to the Tam Quốc Sử ký, he was the ancestor of all Baekje kings.

Background

Ôn Tộ là con trai của Đông Minh Vương (Chu Mông), người đã sáng lập ra Triều đại Cao Khấu Ly, và So Soe - no, con gái một Tộc trưởng của một [bộ tộc]] nhỏ có tên gọi là Quế Lưu (Gye - ru). Ông là em trai của Hoàng đế Yuri, vị vua thứ hai của Cao Khấu Ly, và cũng là anh trai của Biryu, described in some records as the founder of Baekje.

Founding and Expansion of Baekje

Dongmyeong had three sons: Yuri, Biryu, and Onjo. When Yuri, born from Dongmyeong's previous wife in Dongbuyeo, came to Goguryeo and became the heir to the throne, Biryu and Onjo moved south to found their own kingdoms.

According to the Samguk Yusa, Biryu founded his kingdom in Michuhol (미추홀/彌鄒忽), but his didn't last long. The modern-day location of Michuhol is in debate—it has been identified as Incheon for a long time, but recently it is suggested as Asan, South Chungcheong. Onjo found his kingdom in Wiryeseong, and named it Sipje (십제/十濟). The location of Wiryeseong is also disputed because the location of Wiryeseong is located at the east of Michuhol

Biryu's people joined Sipje after Biryu's death and Onjo renamed it to Baekje. After that, the capital city of Baekje is moved southward from Hanam Wiryeseong because Malgal was located at the North and Nangnang was located at the East. The newly moved capital city corresponds to current Seoul. In 3 BC and 8 BC, the Malgal tribes attacked from the north, and both times, Onjo directly led his armies and won victories over the invaders. In 5 BC, Onjo moved the capital city to Ung-Chun(웅천) and sent a messenger to the Mahan confederacy telling him of the recent action.

At this time, Onjo already had plans of conquering Mahan and Jinhan. By 7 AD, he was already preparing his armies for war and finally attacked during 8 AD. In 8 AD, he secretly took his armies across the border, laying the deceit that he was going to hunt in the forests. Soon, all of Mahan except for two fortresses were conquered. The citizens of the last two Mahan fortresses surrendered to Onjo and were given mercy. The Mahan King, however, committed suicide and left a letter for Onjo, asking him to take in Mahan's people with kindness and mercy. Onjo respected the Mahan King's last request and took his people in.

Baekje had expanded greatly, and several fortresses were being built every year. Peace lasted for 8 years until 16 AD, when a former Mahan general caused a rebellion. Onjo directly led an army of 5,000 and successfully destroyed the rebellion. Soon after this, the Malgal tribes invaded again during 22 AD, but were once again defeated by Onjo and his army.

Death and succession

Onjo died of natural causes in 28 AD, during the 46th year of his reign. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Daru. Onjo laid the foundations for a powerful dynasty that would last for 678 years and 31 rulers.

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