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Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Coaching”

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Phiên bản lúc 09:19, ngày 13 tháng 9 năm 2021

Huấn luyện (coaching) là một hình thức phát triển - trong đó một cá nhân có kinh nghiệm, được gọi là huấn luyện viên (coach), hỗ trợ một người khác (coachee) trong việc đạt được mục tiêu cá nhân hoặc nghề nghiệp cụ thể - thông qua đào tạo và hướng dẫn.[1]

Trong mối quan hệ coaching, huấn luyện viên (coach) là người sở hữu kinh nghiệm và chuyên môn sâu sắc hơn, đóng vai trò đưa ra lời khuyên và hướng dẫn quá trình học tập của coachee. Khác với cố vấn (mentoring), coaching chú trọng vào việc hoàn thành một số nhiệm vụ hoặc mục đích cụ thể, thay vì chỉ nhằm phục vụ mục tiêu phát triển tổng quát.[1][2][3]

Origins

The first use of the term "coach" in connection with an instructor or trainer arose around 1830 in Oxford University slang for a tutor who "carried" a student through an exam.[4] The word "coaching" thus identified a process used to transport people from where they are to where they want to be. The first use of the term in relation to sports came in 1861.[4]

History

Historically the development of coaching has been influenced by many fields of activity, including adult education,[5] the Human Potential Movement in the 1960s,[6] large-group awareness training (LGAT) groups[7] (such as Erhard Seminars Training, founded in 1971), leadership studies, personal development, and various subfields of psychology.[8][cần câu trích dẫn để xác minh] The University of Sydney offered the world's first coaching psychology unit of study in January 2000,[9] and various academic associations and academic journals for coaching psychology were established in subsequent years (see Coaching psychology § History).

Applications

Coaching is applied in fields such as sports, performing arts (singers get vocal coaches), acting (drama coaches and dialect coaches), business, education, health care, and relationships (for example, dating coaches).

Coaches use a range of communication skills (such as targeted restatements, listening, questioning, clarifying, etc.) to help clients shift their perspectives and thereby discover different approaches to achieve their goals.[10] These skills can be used in almost all types of coaching. In this sense, coaching is a form of "meta-profession" that can apply to supporting clients in any human endeavor, ranging from their concerns in health, personal, professional, sport, social, family, political, spiritual dimensions, etc. There may be some overlap between certain types of coaching activities.[8] Coaching approaches are also influenced by cultural differences.[11]

Business and executive

Business coaching is a type of human resource development for executives, members of management, teams, and leadership.[12] It provides positive support, feedback, and advice on an individual or group basis to improve personal effectiveness in the business setting, many a time focusing on behavioral changes through psychometrics or 360-degree feedback. Business coaching is also called executive coaching,[13] corporate coaching or leadership coaching. Coaches help their clients advance towards specific professional goals. These include career transition, interpersonal and professional communication, performance management, organizational effectiveness, managing career, and personal changes, developing executive presence, enhancing strategic thinking, dealing effectively with conflict, and building an effective team within an organization. An industrial-organizational psychologist may work as an executive coach.

Business coaching is not restricted to external experts or providers. Many organizations expect their senior leaders and middle managers to coach their team members to reach higher levels of performance, increased job satisfaction, personal growth, and career development. Research studies suggest that executive coaching has positive effects both within workplace performance as well as personal areas outside the workplace, with some differences in the impact of internal and external coaches.[14]

In some countries, there is no certification or licensing required to be a business or executive coach, and membership of a coaching organization is optional. Further, standards and methods of training coaches can vary widely between coaching organizations. Many business coaches refer to themselves as consultants, a broader business relationship than one which exclusively involves coaching.[15] Research findings from a systematic review indicate that effective coaches are known for having integrity, support for those they coach, communication skills, and credibility.[12]

In the workplace, leadership coaching has been shown to be effective for increasing employee confidence in expressing their own ideas.[16] Research findings in a systematic review demonstrate that coaching can help reduce stress in the workplace.[17]

Career

Career coaching focuses on work and career and is similar to career counseling. Career coaching is not to be confused with life coaching, which concentrates on personal development. Another common term for a career coach is "career guide".

Life

Life coaching is the process of helping people identify and achieve personal goals through developing skills and attitudes that lead to self-empowerment.[8][18] Life coaching generally deals with issues such as work–life balance and career changes, and often occurs outside the workplace setting.[19] Systematic academic psychological engagement with life coaching dates from the 1980s.[20] Skeptics have criticized life coaching's focus on self-improvement for its potential for commercializing friendships and other human relationships,[21] but similar criticisms have also been made of other helping professions such as clinical psychology.[22][23]

Sports

In sports, a coach is an individual that provides supervision and training to the sports team or individual players. Sports coaches are involved in administration, athletic training, competition coaching, and representation of the team and the players. A survey in 2019 of the literature on sports coaching found an increase in the number of publications and most articles featured a quantitative research approach.[24] Sports psychology emerged from the 1890s.[25]

Ethics and standards

Since the mid-1990s, coaching professional associations such as the Association for Coaching (AC), the European Mentoring and Coaching Council (EMCC), the International Association of Coaching (IAC), and the International Coach Federation (ICF) have worked towards developing training standards.[1]:287–312[26] Psychologist Jonathan Passmore noted in 2016:[1]:3

While coaching has become a recognized intervention, sadly there are still no standards or licensing arrangements which are widely recognized. Professional bodies have continued to develop their own standards, but the lack of regulation means anyone can call themselves a coach. [...] Whether coaching is a profession which requires regulation, or is professional and requires standards, remains a matter of debate.

One of the challenges in the field of coaching is upholding levels of professionalism, standards, and ethics.[26] To this end, coaching bodies and organizations have codes of ethics and member standards.[1]:287–312[27] However, because these bodies are not regulated, and because coaches do not need to belong to such a body, ethics and standards are variable in the field.[26][28] In February 2016, the AC and the EMCC launched a "Global Code of Ethics" for the entire industry; individuals, associations, and organizations are invited to become signatories to it.[29][30]:1

With the growing popularity of coaching,[31] many colleges and universities now offer coach training programs that are accredited by a professional association.[32] Some courses offer a life coach certificate after just a few days of training, but such courses, if they are accredited at all, are considered "à la carte" training programs, "which may or may not offer start to finish coach training".[33] Some "all-inclusive" training programs accredited by the ICF, for example, require a minimum of 125 student contact hours, 10 hours of mentor coaching and a performance evaluation process.[34][35] This is very little training in comparison to the training requirements of some other helping professions: for example, licensure as a counseling psychologist in the State of California requires 3,000 hours of supervised professional experience.[36] However, the ICF, for example, offers a "Master Certified Coach" credential that requires demonstration of "2,500 hours (2,250 paid) of coaching experience with at least 35 clients"[37] and a "Professional Certified Coach" credential with fewer requirements.[38] Other professional bodies similarly offer entry-level, intermediate, and advanced coach accreditation options.[39] Some coaches are both certified coaches and licensed counseling psychologists, integrating coaching and counseling.[40]

Critics see life coaching as akin to psychotherapy but without the legal restrictions and state regulation of psychologists.[26][41][42][43] There are no state regulations/licensing requirements for coaches. Due to lack of regulation, people who have no formal training or certification can legally call themselves life or wellness coaches.[44]

Market

A 2004 survey of 2,529 ICF members reported that 52.5% work part-time as coaches and earn US$30,000 or less, while 32.3% reported they earned less than $10,000 per year.[45]

A 2016 survey by the ICF, reported that of 53,000 professional coaches, most operated in America. They reported an average income of US$51,000 with some specialist coaches reporting earning $100,000 or more.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Passmore, Jonathan biên tập (2016) [2006]. Excellence in Coaching: The Industry Guide (ấn bản 3). London; Philadelphia: Kogan Page. ISBN 9780749474461. OCLC 927192333.
  2. ^ Renton, Jane (2009). Coaching and Mentoring: What They are and How to Make the Most of Them. New York: Bloomberg Press. ISBN 9781576603307. OCLC 263978214.
  3. ^ Chakravarthy, Pradeep (20 tháng 12 năm 2011). “The Difference Between Coaching And Mentoring”. Forbes. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  4. ^ a b coach, Online Etymology Dictionary, truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  5. ^ Lines, David; Evans, Christina biên tập (2020). “A Meta-Analysis of Coaching: Re-tracing the Roots and Re-analysing the Coaching Story”. The Global Business of Coaching: A Meta-Analytical Perspective. Routledge Studies in Human Resource Development. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429884917. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 7 năm 2020. [...] Brock (2014: 116–119) identifies that coaching draws on the knowledge bases of adult education. [...] Neither Brock (2014) nor Grant (2005) establishes a causal link between adult education and the emergence of coaching. However, they both acknowledge the importance and relationship of different theories and knowledge bases to the work of a coach. This surfaces the practice of adopting established knowledge bases from the professions that existed prior to coaching.
  6. ^ Stelter, Reinhard (2012). A Guide to Third Generation Coaching: Narrative-Collaborative Theory and Practice [Tredje generations coaching - En guide til narrativ-samskabende teori og praksis]. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media (xuất bản 2013). tr. 2. ISBN 9789400771864. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 7 năm 2020. The history of coaching and coaching psychology can be traced back to two key roots: Sport psychology and the Human Potential Movement.
  7. ^ Brock, Vikki G. (2018). “The Roots and Evolution of Coaching”. Trong English, Susan; Sabatine, Janice Manzi; Brownell, Philip (biên tập). Professional Coaching: Principles and Practice. Springer Publishing. tr. 13–14. ISBN 9780826180094. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 7 năm 2020. Several sources of connections that set the stage for coaching are: [...] Large Group Awareness training (LGAT) was the culmination of the shift to an awareness and responsibility perspective. Participants left meetings with limited support structures to change, though they had declarations, commitments, and enthusiasm.
  8. ^ a b c Cox, Elaine; Bachkirova, Tatiana; Clutterbuck, David biên tập (2018) [2010]. The Complete Handbook of Coaching (ấn bản 3). Los Angeles; London: Sage Publications. ISBN 9781473973046. OCLC 1023783439.
  9. ^ “Anthony Grant”. www.icfaustralasia.com. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 5 năm 2019.
  10. ^ Cox, Elaine (2013), Coaching Understood: a Pragmatic Inquiry into the Coaching Process, Los Angeles; London: Sage Publications, ISBN 9780857028259, OCLC 805014954.
  11. ^ Rosinski, Philippe (2003). Coaching Across Cultures: New Tools for Leveraging National, Corporate, and Professional Differences. London; Yarmouth, Maine: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. ISBN 1857883012. OCLC 51020293.
  12. ^ a b Blackman, Anna; Moscardo, Gianna; Gray, David E. (2016). “Challenges for the theory and practice of business coaching: a systematic review of empirical evidence” (PDF). Human Resource Development Review (bằng tiếng Anh). 15 (4): 459–486. doi:10.1177/1534484316673177. ISSN 1534-4843. S2CID 152097437.
  13. ^ Stern, Lewis R. (2004). “Executive coaching: a working definition” (PDF). Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research. 56 (3): 154–162. doi:10.1037/1065-9293.56.3.154. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2015. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  14. ^ Jones, Rebecca J.; Woods, Stephen A.; Guillaume, Yves R. F. (tháng 6 năm 2016). “The effectiveness of workplace coaching: a meta-analysis of learning and performance outcomes from coaching” (PDF). Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 89 (2): 249–277. doi:10.1111/joop.12119.
  15. ^ Lorber, Laura (10 tháng 4 năm 2008). “Executive Coaching – Worth the Money?”. The Wall Street Journal. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 11 năm 2008.
  16. ^ Wang, Yanfei; Yuan, Chuqin (2017). “Coaching leadership and employee voice behavior: a multilevel study”. Social Behavior and Personality. 45 (10): 1655–1664. doi:10.2224/sbp.6593.
  17. ^ Gyllensten, Kristina; Palmer, Stephen (tháng 7 năm 2005). “Can coaching reduce workplace stress?”. The Coaching Psychologist. 1: 15–17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.465.4855.
  18. ^ Neenan, Michael (2018). Neenan, Michael (biên tập). Cognitive Behavioural Coaching: Distinctive Features. Coaching distinctive features. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781351188555. ISBN 9781351188555. OCLC 1012616113.
  19. ^ Grant, Anthony M. (2005). “What is evidence-based executive, workplace, and life coaching?”. Trong Cavanagh, Michael J.; Grant, Anthony M.; Kemp, Travis (biên tập). Evidence-based Coaching, Vol. 1: Theory, Research and Practice from the Behavioural Sciences. Bowen Hills, Queensland: Australian Academic Press. tr. 1–12. ISBN 9781875378579. OCLC 67766842.
  20. ^ Grant, Anthony M.; Cavanagh, Michael J. (2018). “Life Coaching”. Trong Cox, Elaine; Bachkirova, Tatiana; Clutterbuck, David (biên tập). The Complete Handbook of Coaching (ấn bản 3). Los Angeles: Sage Publications. ISBN 9781526453112. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 7 năm 2020. The roots of contemporary life coaching appear to emerge from humanistic traditions of psychology (e.g. Maslow, 1954) and the practices of the Human Potential Movement (HPM) [...]. One of the key influences were the Erhard Seminars Training or EST programmes developed by Werner Erhard (Kirsch & Glass, 1977). These were marketed as personal transformation, and as such can be considered as drawing on the same social impetus that later gave rise to life coaching. [...] psychology as an academic discipline and a helping profession tended to be associated, at least in the public's mind, with mental illness and the treatment of distress, rather than the promotion of well-being. Psychology did not truly engage with life coaching until the pioneers of commercial life coaching in the USA, such as Thomas Leonard, had raised the profile of life coaching and life coach training during the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, at this time life coaching was still viewed by many as being faddish, theoretically incoherent, new-age and more of a network marketing opportunity than a solid theoretically-grounded helping modality.
  21. ^ Nisbet, Matthew C. (May–June 2020). “Tony Robbins Next Door: Personal Coaches Are The New High Priests Of Self-Help”. Skeptical Inquirer. Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry. 44 (3). Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2020. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2020.Quản lý CS1: định dạng ngày tháng (liên kết)
  22. ^ Dawes, Robyn M. (1994). House of Cards: Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0029072059. OCLC 28675086.
  23. ^ Epstein, William M. (1995). The Illusion of Psychotherapy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1560002154. OCLC 32086626.
  24. ^ Griffo, J.M., Jensen, M., Anthony, C.C., Baghurst, T. and Kulinna, P.H., 2019. "A decade of research literature in sport coaching (2005–2015)". International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 14(2), 205–215. doi:10.1177/1747954118825058
  25. ^ Wildflower, Leni (2013). The Hidden History of Coaching. Coaching in practice series. Maidenhead: Open University Press. tr. 38. ISBN 9780335245406. OCLC 820107321. [...] sports psychology [...] has a history going back to the 1890s in America. [...] By 1920 Germany had a specialized College of Physical Education, whose founder, Robert Werner Schulte, wrote a book called Body and Mind in Sport. The universities of Moscow and Leningrad had departments of sports psychology by the 1930s.
  26. ^ a b c d Grant, Anthony M.; Cavanagh, Michael J. (2011). “Coaching and Positive Psychology: Credentialing, Professional Status, and Professional Bodies”. Trong Sheldon, Kennon M.; Kashdan, Todd B.; Steger, Michael F. (biên tập). Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. tr. 295–312. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0019. ISBN 9780195373585. OCLC 610144651.
  27. ^ Passmore, Jonathan; Mortimer, Lance (2011). “Ethics in Coaching” (PDF). Trong Hernez-Broome, Gina; Boyce, Lisa A. (biên tập). Advancing Executive Coaching: Setting the Course for Successful Leadership Coaching. The Professional Practice Series. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. tr. 205–227. ISBN 9780470553329. OCLC 635455413. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 3 tháng 12 năm 2020. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 7 năm 2021.
  28. ^ For example: “Code of Ethics”. International Coach Federation. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 9 tháng 2 năm 2014. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 5 năm 2016. And: “Coaches Code of Ethics”. National Federation of State High School Associations. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2015. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 5 năm 2016.
  29. ^ Woods, Declan; Sleightholm, David (5 tháng 2 năm 2016). “For Joint Release on 5th February 2016 - Global Code of Ethics for Coaches and Mentors”. PRWeb. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 8 tháng 2 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 5 năm 2016.
  30. ^ Iordanou, Ioanna; Hawley, Rachel; Iordanou, Christiana (2017). Values and Ethics in Coaching. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN 9781473919563. OCLC 948548464.
  31. ^ For example, membership in one coaching organization, the International Coach Federation, tripled between 2006 and 2016: Milne-Tyte, Ashley (25 tháng 2 năm 2016). “The business coaching industry is booming”. Marketplace. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 12 năm 2018.
  32. ^ For example, a list a programs accredited by the ICF: “List of All Accredited Coaching Training Programs (ACTP): Hour List”. International Coach Federation. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  33. ^ According to the ICF: “Approved Coaching Specific Training Hours (ACSTH): Program Accreditation”. International Coach Federation. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 24 tháng 7 năm 2014. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  34. ^ “Accredited Coaching Training Program (ACTP): Program Accreditation”. International Coach Federation. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 8 tháng 2 năm 2014. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  35. ^ “Associate Certified Coach (ACC) – Individual Credentialing – ICF”. International Coach Federation. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 2 tháng 4 năm 2017. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 5 năm 2017.
  36. ^ “An Overview of Licensure as a Psychologist”. California Board of Psychology. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2015. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  37. ^ “Master Certified Coach (MCC) – Individual Credentialing – ICF”. International Coach Federation. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 14 tháng 5 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 5 năm 2016.
  38. ^ “Professional Certified Coach (MCC) – Individual Credentialing – ICF”. International Coach Federation. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 9 tháng 5 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 5 năm 2016.
  39. ^ See "Table 17.1 The different levels of accreditation provided by different professional bodies", in Passmore (2016, tr. 298), for a comparison of different coach accreditation options offered by the AC, EMCC, IAC, ICF, and other professional bodies.
  40. ^ Popovic, Nash; Jinks, Debra (2014). Personal Consultancy: A Model for Integrating Counselling and Coaching. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415833929. OCLC 842330076.
  41. ^ Guay, Jennifer (16 tháng 1 năm 2013). “Millennials Enter Growing, Controversial Field of Life Coaching”. USA Today. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 31 tháng 7 năm 2018. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  42. ^ Morgan, Spencer (27 tháng 1 năm 2012), “Should a Life Coach Have a Life First?”, The New York Times, truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  43. ^ Pagliarini, Robert (20 tháng 12 năm 2011). “Top 10 Professional Life Coaching Myths”. CBS News. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  44. ^ O'Brien, Elizabeth (8 tháng 9 năm 2014). “10 Things Life Coaches Won't Tell You”. MarketWatch. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 2015.
  45. ^ Grant, A.M. & Zackon, R. (2004). Executive, workplace and life coaching: Findings from a large scale survey of International Coach Federation members. International Journal of Evidence-based Coaching and Mentoring, 2(2), 1–15.
  46. ^ “2016 ICF Global Coaching Study: Executive Summary” (PDF). coachfederation.org. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2019.
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