Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Áo ngực có gọng”
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Áo ngực có gọng đôi khi có liên quan đến các tình trạng sức khỏe bao gồm đau ngực, [[viêm tuyến vú]] và dị ứng kim loại. Trong một số trường hợp hiếm hoi, phụ nữ mặc áo ngực có gọng phải chịu sự giám sát chặt chẽ hơn khi áo ngực của họ kích hoạt máy dò kim loại tại các trạm kiểm soát an ninh ở sân bay hoặc nhà tù. Đã có một số trường hợp được ghi nhận trong đó gọng áo làm chệch hướng một viên đạn hoặc vũ khí khác găm vào ngực người phụ nữ.<ref name="Akbar-deflect">{{chú thích báo | last = Akbar | first = Arifa | title = Underwired bra saved shooting victim's life | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/underwired-bra-saved-shooting-victims-life-510048.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201015454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/underwired-bra-saved-shooting-victims-life-510048.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 1, 2009 | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2005-10-08 | newspaper = The Independent | quote = Helen Kelly's underwired bra deflected the bullet which doctors believe was heading towards her heart. The narrow piece of metal wiring, which snapped under the impact of the shot, bounced the bullet away from her heart and through her right breast.}}</ref><ref name="Stokes">{{chú thích báo | last = Stokes | first = Paul | title = Barmaid saved from stabbing by £6 Asda bra | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3397141/Barmaid-saved-from-stabbing-by-6-Asda-bra.html | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2008-09-07 | newspaper = The Daily Telegraph | quote = During a struggle the youth thrust the weapon at her chest, the point puncturing her skin. But the blade's serrated edge snagged on the wire under the cup of the cheap supermarket bra and prevented it penetrating further.}}</ref> |
Áo ngực có gọng đôi khi có liên quan đến các tình trạng sức khỏe bao gồm đau ngực, [[viêm tuyến vú]] và dị ứng kim loại. Trong một số trường hợp hiếm hoi, phụ nữ mặc áo ngực có gọng phải chịu sự giám sát chặt chẽ hơn khi áo ngực của họ kích hoạt máy dò kim loại tại các trạm kiểm soát an ninh ở sân bay hoặc nhà tù. Đã có một số trường hợp được ghi nhận trong đó gọng áo làm chệch hướng một viên đạn hoặc vũ khí khác găm vào ngực người phụ nữ.<ref name="Akbar-deflect">{{chú thích báo | last = Akbar | first = Arifa | title = Underwired bra saved shooting victim's life | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/underwired-bra-saved-shooting-victims-life-510048.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201015454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/underwired-bra-saved-shooting-victims-life-510048.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 1, 2009 | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2005-10-08 | newspaper = The Independent | quote = Helen Kelly's underwired bra deflected the bullet which doctors believe was heading towards her heart. The narrow piece of metal wiring, which snapped under the impact of the shot, bounced the bullet away from her heart and through her right breast.}}</ref><ref name="Stokes">{{chú thích báo | last = Stokes | first = Paul | title = Barmaid saved from stabbing by £6 Asda bra | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3397141/Barmaid-saved-from-stabbing-by-6-Asda-bra.html | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2008-09-07 | newspaper = The Daily Telegraph | quote = During a struggle the youth thrust the weapon at her chest, the point puncturing her skin. But the blade's serrated edge snagged on the wire under the cup of the cheap supermarket bra and prevented it penetrating further.}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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[[File:USpatent494397b1893.png|thumb|Marie Tucek's "Breast Supporter"]] |
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{{See also|History of bras}} |
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The precursor to the underwire bra can be traced back to at least 1893, when [[New York City|New Yorker]] Marie Tucek was granted a patent for a "breast supporter". The breast supporter was described as a modification of the [[corset]], and was very similar to a modern [[push-up bra]] designed to support the breasts. It consisted of a plate made of metal, cardboard, or other stiff material, shaped to fit against the torso under the breasts, following the contour of the breasts. It was covered with silk, canvas, or other cloth, which extended above the plate to form a pocket for each breast. The plate curved around the torso and ended near the armpits, held in place and adjusted to a snug fit by shoulder straps that crossed the back, forming an X-shape. It was secured with [[hook-and-eye closure]]s.<ref name="Tucek">{{cite news | last = Riordan | first = Teresa | title = Patents; In bra technology, an incremental improvement can translate into comfort | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/28/business/patents-in-bra-technology-an-incremental-improvement-can-translate-into-comfort.html?sec=technology&spon=&pagewanted=all | access-date = 2009-04-21 | date = 2002-10-28 | newspaper = The New York Times | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423032636/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/28/business/patents-in-bra-technology-an-incremental-improvement-can-translate-into-comfort.html?sec=technology&spon=&pagewanted=all | archive-date = 2009-04-23 | quote = Professor Farrell-Beck said the antecedents for underwire in bras date to at least 1893, when Marie Tucek of New York City patented a ''breast supporter,'' a sort of early push-up bra made of either metal or cardboard and then covered with fabric. | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{US patent reference | number = 494397 | y = 1893 | m = 03 | d = 28 | inventor = Marie Tucek | title = Breast Supporter}}</ref> |
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The underwire bra design emerged and took hold in the United States starting in the 1930s. Helene Pons received a patent in 1931 for a brassiere design that incorporated an "open-ended wire loop" that lay flat against the chest, encircling the bottom and sides of each breast.<ref>{{US patent reference | number = 1798274 | y = 1931 | m = 03 | d = 31 | inventor = Helene Pons | title = Brassiere}}</ref> A 1932 patent describes a U-shaped piece of wire used between the cups to keep the breasts separated.<ref>{{US patent reference | number = 1970920 | y = 1934 | m = 08 | d = 21 | inventor = Roth | title = Brassngre}}</ref> A patent issued in 1938 to Pauline Boris describes a "breast support" which used pieces of wire to entirely encircle each breast.<ref>{{US patent reference | number = 2104725 | y = 1938 | m = 01 | d = 11 | inventor = Pauline Boris | title = Breast Support}}</ref> In 1940, Walter Emmett Williams was issued a patent which described a wire framework, shaped like a [[spiderweb]], that encircles and covers each breast to provide support.<ref>{{US patent reference | number = 2222523 | y = 1940 | m = 11 | d = 19 | inventor = Walter Emmett Williams | title = Ijldrs Health Brassiere And Health}}</ref> Although development of the underwire bra started in the 1930s,<ref name="Napoleon">{{cite book | last = Napoleon | first = Anthony | title = Awakening Beauty: An Illustrated Look at Mankind's Love and Hatred of Beauty | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AyJLqNcfM3IC&q=history+underwire+bra&pg=PA130 | access-date = 2009-04-21 | edition = Illustrated | year = 2003 | publisher = Virtual Bookworm Publishing | isbn = 1-58939-378-3 | pages = 31, 130–131 | chapter = Wardrobe | quote = Warner standardized the concept of "cup" size in 1935, and the first underwire bra was developed in 1938.}}</ref> it did not gain widespread popularity until the 1950s, when the end of [[World War II]] freed metal for domestic use.<ref name="Kanner">{{cite journal | last = Kanner | first = Bernice | title = The Bra's not for Burning | journal = [[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KdgBAAAAMBAJ&q=history+underwire+bra+1938&pg=RA1-PA29 | access-date = 2009-04-21 | volume = 16 | issue = 49 | date = 1983-12-12 | publisher = New York Media | issn = 0028-7369 | pages = 26–30 | quote = In 1938, strapless and under-wire bras were invented, but neither hit it big until the 1950s, when exaggerated, pointed bras—with cups that bore more resemblance to those from paper-cup dispensers or Brünnhilde's breatplate than to the human body—were also popular.}}</ref><ref name="Seigel">{{cite news | last = Seigel | first = Jessica | title = The Cups Runneth Over | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/13/opinion/the-cups-runneth-over.html?pagewanted=all | access-date = 2013-05-09 | date = 2004-02-13 | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | quote = The new lift and separation evolved into the torpedo shape of the 1940s, which went nuclear with underwire in the 1950s, when the war's end freed metal for domestic use [...] The struggle to buttress what is naturally low-lying has produced its own mythology, like the legend that in the 1940s Howard Hughes used airplane technology to build a better bra for Jane Russell in ''The Outlaw.''}}</ref> |
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In the 1940s, [[Howard Hughes]] had an underwire push-up bra designed for [[Jane Russell]] to emphasize her breasts in ''[[The Outlaw]]''. According to Russell, the "ridiculous" contraption was painful and she secretly wore her own bra during the movie. The brassiere is now in a [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] museum.<ref name="Seigel"/> |
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[[File:Selection of underwire bras 2006.jpg|thumb|A selection of underwire bras in a retail store]] |
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With the popularity and widespread use of the underwire bra that started during the 1950s, the underwire was incorporated into many [[List of brassiere designs|bra designs]], and underwire bras were built into other articles of clothing. By 1990, Norma Kamali had incorporated underwire bras into both one- and two-piece ([[bikini]]) [[swimsuit]]s.<ref name="Schiro">{{cite news | last = Schiro | first = Anne-Marie | title = Fashion; Half a Yard or So of Nylon and Spandex, and Voila! | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/13/style/fashion-half-a-yard-or-so-of-nylon-and-spandex-and-voila.html | access-date = 2009-04-24 | date = 1990-05-13 | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | quote = The big news this year is the return of the bra. Norma Kamali pioneered the swimsuit with underwire bra, and the idea has caught on with manufacturers like Too Hot Brazil, La Blanca and Karla Coletto that cater to the daring young woman}}</ref> Scott Lucretia was granted a patent for a [[camisole]] with an integrated underwire bra in 1989.<ref>{{US patent reference | number = 4798557 | y = 1989 | m = 01 | d = 17 | inventor = Scott M. Lucretia | title = Camisole underwire bra garment}}</ref> |
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Underwire bras accounted for 60% of the United Kingdom bra market in 2000<ref>{{cite web | title = Charnos takes the plunge with a brand new bra | url = http://www.just-style.com/article.aspx?id=92918 | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2000-10-25 | publisher = Aroq Ltd | location = UK | quote = The underwired bra accounts for 60 per cent of the market, but women with average or fuller busts must wonder why it is so popular. It is uncomfortable, non-machine washable, and difficult to make, but there has been nothing to replace it}}</ref> and 70% in 2005.<ref>{{cite news | title = Boom in Bras as Women Go Busty | url = http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16236813&method=full&siteid=66633&headline=boom-in-bras-as-women-go-busty-name_page.html | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2005-10-12 | newspaper = [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] | quote = Demand for the underwired bra is up by 12 per cent in the last two years and now makes up 70 per cent of the bra market.}}</ref> In 2001, 500 million bras were sold in the United States, of which approximately 70% (350 million) were underwire bras.<ref name="Tucek"/><ref name="Goo"/> As of 2005, underwire bras were the fastest growing segment of the market.<ref name="Mintel">{{cite web |
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| title = Lingerie – UK – September 2005 – Market Research Report | url = http://reports.mintel.com/sinatra/reports/display/id=125741 | access-date = 2009-04-21 |date=September 2005 | publisher = [[Mintel]] | quote = Sales of underwired bras have been growing at a faster rate when compared to both soft bras and sport and maternity (12% between 2003 & 2005)}}</ref> |
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==Underwire construction== |
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{{main|List of brassiere designs}} |
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[[File:Underwire USpatent 6468130 1.png|thumb|Underwire design in {{nowrap|S & S}} Industries' patent]] |
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Underwire bras are built with a semi-circular "underwire", "bra wire", or "wire" embedded in the wire channel that circles the bottom and sides of each cup. One end, or head element, of the underwire is close to the front and center of the bra, and the other close to the armhole. The underwire can be made of metal or molded plastic; most are metallic. Plastic underwire has a very small share of the market because it does not provide the same support and rigidity offered by metal underwire.<ref name="Goo"/> A metallic underwire is a thin strip of metal, usually with a nylon coating at both ends.<ref name="madaras">{{cite book | last = Madaras | first = Lynda | title = The "what's happening to my body?" book for girls | url = https://archive.org/details/whatshappeningto00mada_1 | url-access = registration | access-date = 2009-04-21 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/whatshappeningto00mada_1/page/48 48]–50 | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-55704-764-9 | publisher = [[Newmarket Press]] | edition = Third | quote = Underwire bras have a flexible wire sewn into the lower edge and sides of the cup for support. They also lift the breasts for a fuller look.}}</ref> |
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Metals used include steel<ref name="The">{{cite book | first = Peter | last = Hessler | chapter = China's Instant Cities | title = The Best American Magazine Writing 2008 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cAlrv3WvB-UC&pg=PA29 | edition = Illustrated | year = 2008 | publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-231-14714-9 | page = 29 | quote = Previously, he had manufactured the steel underwire for women's brassieres}}</ref> |
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and [[nickel titanium]], a [[shape memory alloy]].<ref name="Brady">{{cite book | last = Brady | first = George Stuart |author2=Henry R. Clauser |author3=John A. Vaccari | title = Materials Handbook | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vIhvSQLhhMEC&q=%22nickel+underwire%22&pg=PA633 | access-date = 2009-05-09 | edition = 15 | year = 2002 | publisher = [[McGraw-Hill Professional]] | isbn = 978-0-07-136076-0 | page = 633}}</ref><ref name="GailJones">{{cite book | last = Jones | first = Gail |author2=Michael R. Falvo |author3=Amy R. Taylor |author4=Bethany P. Broadwell | title = Nanoscale science | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pVWw-ZcEaDIC&q=%22nickel+underwire%22&pg=PT92 | access-date = 2009-05-09 | edition = Illustrated | year = 2007 | publisher = [[NSTA Press]] | isbn = 978-1-933531-05-2 | page = 109 | chapter = Nanomaterials: Memory Wire}}</ref> According to underwire manufacturer {{nowrap|S & S}} Industries of New York, which supplies underwire for bra makers such as [[Bali (lingerie)|Bali]], [[Playtex]], [[VF Corporation|Vanity Fair]], [[Victoria's Secret]], [[Warner's]], and other bra labels, about 70 percent of women who wear bras wear steel underwire bras.<ref name="Goo" /> |
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Because underwire can tear through cloth, most women hand-wash underwire bras or machine-wash them on a delicate cycle. Bra wash bags, usually zippered mesh pouches, can also be used to protect bras and prevent the underwire from separating from the bra during machine washing.<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Time saving tricks. (The Best of Everything: Testing From the Good Housekeeping Institute) | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-137353734.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104204723/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-137353734.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-11-04 | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2005-10-01 | magazine = [[Good Housekeeping]] | quote = You can protect bras and hosiery with Woolite's new double-compartment Bra Wash Bag [...] In our tests, the padded pouch prevented twisting and snagging}}</ref> |
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===21st century patents=== |
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In 2002, {{nowrap|S & S}} Industries obtained a patent for an underwire design that includes a spring-loaded plastic cushion tip on one or both ends. The spring is designed to keep the wire from poking through the bra.<ref name="Tucek"/><ref>{{US patent reference | number = 6468130 | y = 2002 | m = 10 | d = 22 | inventor = Ajit Thakur, Joseph Horta | title = Underwire for brassiere}}</ref> In 2008, Scott Dutton of [[Wales]] invented the "Bra Angel", a simple device to repair a bra when the underwire pops out of its channel. It is a barbed plastic cap that fits onto the end of the underwire, which is then inserted back into the bra and held in place by the barbs.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bra repair invention strikes gold | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7752000/7752479.stm | access-date = 2009-04-24 | date = 2008-11-28 | publisher = BBC | quote = Scott Dutton, from Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, came up with a simple DIY device to fix his wife Laura's bra when the underwire popped out of the seams | archive-date = 2009-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090430092545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7752000/7752479.stm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Blake | first = Aled | title = Bra Angel launched to save underwear from the bin | url = http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business-in-wales/business-news/2008/12/10/bra-angel-launched-to-save-underwear-from-the-bin-91466-22442716/ | access-date = 2009-04-24 | date = 2008-12-10 | publisher = Wales Online}}</ref> |
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==Health== |
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[[File:Worn bra with protruding metal underwire (cropped).jpg|thumb|Metal underwire protruding from a worn bra]] |
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Underwire bras can rub and [[Pinch (action)|pinch]] the breast, causing skin irritation and [[Mastodynia|breast pain]], and the wire of a worn bra can protrude from the fabric and scrape or cut the skin.<ref name="legato">{{cite book | last = Legato| first = Marianne J.|author2=Carol Colman | title = What Women Need to Know| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XJqmvFOrq5AC&q=underwire&pg=PA33| access-date = 2009-04-21| year = 2005| publisher = E-Reads| isbn = 0-7592-5444-3| pages = 33–34}}{{dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref> When the fabric of worn bra exposes an underwire, skin contact with nickel and other metals may cause contact dermatitis in a few women.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Boobs! an owner's guide |journal=Girl's Life | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-92282680.html | access-date = 2009-05-08 | date = 2002-10-01 | publisher = Monarch Avalon | quote = If you are sensitive to nickel and other metals, it could cause contact dermatitis when you sweat [...] The metal comes in contact with the skin due to the moisture connecting the two}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lauersen | first = Niels H. |author2=Eileen Stukane | title = The Complete Book of Breast Care | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x6VtyjYb4goC&q=%22leading+to+skin%22 | access-date = 2009-05-08 | edition = Illustrated | year = 1998 | publisher = Ballantine Books | isbn = 0-449-91241-8 | quote = Sometimes the material covering the underwire deteriorates, exposing the metal underwire, leading to skin irritations, perhaps due to an allergic reaction to metal}}</ref> |
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=== Effect on lactation === |
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Underwire bras, like other constrictive garments, may contribute to clogged [[milk ducts]] in [[lactation|lactating]] people.<ref name="LynnaLittleton">{{cite book | last = Littleton | first = Lynna Y. |author2=Joan Engebretson | title = Maternal, Neonatal, and Women's Health Nursing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9_pPwUWFpzgC&pg=PA915 | access-date = 2009-05-05 | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Cengage Learning]] |
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| isbn = 0-7668-0121-7 | page = 915 | quote = Avoid tight clothing, underwire bras, infant carriers that may block milk ducts or prevent breasts from emptying adequately}}</ref><ref name="NancyHatfield">{{cite book | last = Hatfield | first = Nancy T. |author2=Violet Broadribb | title = Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d1YRx5d6_K8C&pg=PA194 | access-date = 2009-05-05 | year = 2007 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | isbn = 978-0-7817-7706-3 | page = 194 | quote = ... and to avoid constricting clothing or bras, including underwire bras.}}</ref> Fluctuating breast size during pregnancy poses another problem. Because underwire bras are rigid, they do not easily accommodate changes in breast size, and an ill-fitting bra that does not support the breasts correctly can cause discomfort and pain.<ref>{{cite news | title = To underwire or not to underwire, that is the question | url = https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/dec/30/features.review17 | access-date = 2009-04-24 | date = 2001-12-30 | newspaper = The Guardian | quote = The reason the advice is conflicting is because your breast size (as you are finding out) fluctuates a great deal during pregnancy and it is essential that you are properly fitted for a bra, otherwise you will be uncomfortable and your breasts won't be well-supported}}</ref> For several days after a [[mastectomy]], or as long as the breast is tender, a woman is advised not to use an underwire bra.<ref>{{cite book | title = Ambulatory Surgical Nursing | last = Burden | first = Nancy | year = 2000 | publisher = W.B. Saunders | page = [https://archive.org/details/ambulatorysurgic0000burd_j6d0/page/742 742] | isbn = 978-0-7216-6847-5 | quote = Most surgeons recommend that patients wear a brassiere, without underwire, to provide support for several days postoperatively. | url = https://archive.org/details/ambulatorysurgic0000burd_j6d0/page/742 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Oncology Nursing Secrets |
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| last = Gates | first = Rose A. |author2=Regina M. Fink | year = 2007 | publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAeLUdYOq64C&pg=PA240 | isbn = 978-0-323-04457-8 | quote = Women should avoid underwire support postoperatively and during radiation therapy, when the breast is tender and edematous.}}</ref> |
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=== Defibrillator use === |
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Use of an [[automated external defibrillator]] on a patient in a metal underwire bra can cause burns, and the bra should be removed by the first responder before the AED is applied.<ref name="Nursing">{{cite journal |
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| last = Craig | first = Karen | title = Take charge with an automated external defibrillator | journal = Nursing | url = http://www.nursing2004.com/pt/re/nursing/abstract.00152193-200604003-00008.htm;jsessionid=J5NXvJsL1ry2XmQ8Y6lGjpyLxpdy2pZvY6myhT07Dqhpf7xDLPR1!928310026!181195629!8091!-1 |
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| access-date = 2009-04-30 | volume = 36 | issue = Cardiac Insider |date=Spring 2006 | pages = 24–26 | doi=10.1097/00152193-200604003-00008| pmid = 16641690 | doi-access = free }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In their [[MythBusters (2007 season)#Shocking Defibrillator|2007 season]], the television program ''[[MythBusters]]'' tested the possibility of burns resulting from using a [[defibrillator]] on a patient who is using an underwire bra, and concluded that while it is possible, it is not likely unless the metal underwire is exposed and paddles of the defibrillator are very close to it.<ref>{{cite web | last = Scott | first = Shana | title = Shocking Defibrillator | url = http://www.scienceontv.com/2008/03/19/mythbusters-shocking-defibrillator/ | access-date = 2009-05-22 | date = 2008-03-19 | publisher = b5media | quote = the team will test whether a defibrillator can burn someone if the electricity connects with: 1. an under-wire bra 2. a nipple piercing | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080508220445/http://www.scienceontv.com/2008/03/19/mythbusters-shocking-defibrillator/ | archive-date = 2008-05-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Scott | first = Shana | title = Underwire Bra results | url = http://www.scienceontv.com/2008/03/20/underwire-bra-results-mythbusters/ | access-date = 2009-05-22 | date = 2008-03-20 | publisher = b5media | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080505011434/http://www.scienceontv.com/2008/03/20/underwire-bra-results-mythbusters/ | archive-date = 2008-05-05 }}</ref> |
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=== Tropical disease === |
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A medical report documented that wearing an underwire bra in the [[tropic]]s, specifically East Africa, can lead to severe furuncular [[myiasis]] of the breast caused by the [[Cordylobia anthropophaga|Tumbu fly]]. The eggs and larvae from this fly are deposited in clothing, especially along the length of the metal wires of an underwire bra, and can only be killed by applying heat through ironing. It is almost impossible when ironing a traditional underwire bra to achieve the required heat to kill the larvae deposited along the underwire.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Adisa CA, Mbanaso A |title=Furuncular myiasis of the breast caused by the larvae of the Tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga) |journal=BMC Surgery |volume=4|pages=5 |year=2004 |pmid=15113429 |pmc=394335 |doi=10.1186/1471-2482-4-5}}</ref> |
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==Legal issues== |
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The United States [[Transportation Security Administration]] recommends that women do not wear underwire bras because they can set off metal detectors.<ref name="Goo"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/screening/index.shtm |title=TSA Travel Assistant |
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|publisher=Transportation Security Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230241/http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/screening/index.shtm |archive-date= 11 May 2011}}</ref> Though most women travelers wear them without any problem, it can depend on the material of the underwire. |
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===Transportation security=== |
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On Sunday, 24 August 2008, film maker [[Nancy Kates]] set off a metal detector during security screening. She objected when the agent attempted to pat-down her breasts. She said she told the agent, "'You can't treat me as a criminal for wearing a bra." A TSA supervisor told her she had to either submit to the pat-down search in a private room or not fly. Kates offered to take off her bra, which the TSA accepted. She went to the restroom, removed her bra, and walked through the airport and security screening braless. She said that a supervisor told her that underwire bras were the leading cause of metal detector false alarms.<ref name="Fargen">{{cite news | last = Fargen | first = Jessica | title = Heavy metal: Underwire bra trips up airport cops | url = http://news.bostonherald.com/news/regional/general/view.bg?articleid=1115547 | access-date = 24 April 2009 | date = 18 August 2008 | newspaper = [[Boston Herald]] | quote = A California woman is crying gender discrimination after she claims she was forced to strip off her bra and walk through airport security without support after being busted when the underwires in her lingerie set off a metal detector | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090430101108/http://news.bostonherald.com/news/regional/general/view.bg?articleid=1115547 | archive-date = 30 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hendricks|first=Tyche|title=Delayed by her bra, air passenger is indignant|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/25/BA2812HVK3.DTL#ixzz1M4iFltQt|access-date=11 May 2011|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=26 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117112502/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F08%2F25%2FBA2812HVK3.DTL#ixzz1M4iFltQt|archive-date=17 November 2011}}</ref> |
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In August 2010, cancer survivor Cathy Bossi, an on-duty [[flight attendant]] for [[U.S. Airways]], was passing through security screening at [[Charlotte Douglas International Airport]] on the way to her next flight. Due to the radiation involved, she reluctantly passed through a full-body scanner. "The T.S.A. Agent told me to put my I.D. on my back," she said. "When I got out of there the agent said because my I.D. was on my back, I had to go to a personal screening area." During what she described as an "aggressive" pat-down search, [[Transportation Security Administration|security screening personnel]] forced her to remove and show her prosthetic breast.<ref>{{cite news|title=After removing prosthetic breast, flight attendant says TSA goes "too far"|url=http://www.wbtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=13534628|access-date=9 January 2012|date=Nov 18, 2010|author=Molly Grantham|author2=Brad Hyatt}}</ref> Their action violated TSA guidelines, which state that agents do not need to touch or inspect a mastectomy prosthetic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assistive Devices and Mobility Aids|url=http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/specialneeds/editorial_1370.shtm|publisher=Transportation Security Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229205209/http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/specialneeds/editorial_1370.shtm |archive-date=2011-12-29}}</ref> |
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In October, 2010, [[CNN]] employee Rosemary Fitzpatrick was subject to a personal search after her underwire bra set off a metal detector. The TSA security official applied an invasive "hand-sliding inspection" during which she "ran her hands around her breasts, over her stomach, buttocks and her inner thighs, and even touched her most private areas."<ref>{{cite news|title=American Morning|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1010/29/ltm.03.html|access-date=9 January 2012|newspaper=CNN|date=October 29, 2010}}</ref> Fitzpatrick said that she cried during the experience. "I felt helpless, I felt violated, and I felt humiliated."<ref>{{cite news|last=Barnett|first=Jim|title=TSA to phase in new pat-down procedures at airports nationwide|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-28/travel/airline.security.pat.down_1_pat-down-tsa-statement-random-screening?_s=PM:TRAVEL|access-date=9 January 2012|newspaper=CNN|date=October 28, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121040536/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-28/travel/airline.security.pat.down_1_pat-down-tsa-statement-random-screening?_s=PM:TRAVEL|archive-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> |
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In response, [[Triumph International]], a Swiss company, launched what it called a "Frequent Flyer Bra" in late 2001. The bra uses metal-free clasps and underwires made of resin instead of metal that are guaranteed to not set off metal detectors.<ref name="Goo">{{cite news |last=Goo|first=Sara Kehaulani | title = Functional Fashion Helps Some Through Airport Checkpoints | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2004/12/10/AR2005033112495_pf.html | access-date = 24 April 2009 | date = 10 December 2004 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724195910/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A53612-2004Dec9.html | archive-date = 24 July 2008 | newspaper = Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="Siskos">{{cite journal | last = Siskos | first = Catherine | title = Please be Seated | journal = Kiplinger's Personal Finance | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv4DAAAAMBAJ&q=underwire+bra+metal+detector+airport&pg=PA26 | access-date = 2009-04-21 | volume = 50 | issue = 7 |date=July 2002 | publisher = Kiplinger Washington Editors | issn = 1528-9729 | page = 26 }}</ref> The bras were not available in the United States, and in 2004 a Canadian spokeswoman did not know whether they were still manufactured.<ref name="Goo" /> |
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===Correctional facility rules=== |
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Some correctional facilities, like [[San Quentin State Prison]], require visitors to either cut their bras and remove the underwire, or temporarily use a soft cup bra provided by the institution before being granted entry. The result can be embarrassment and consternation for unsuspecting visitors.<ref name="Comfort">{{cite book | last = Comfort | first = Megan | title = Doing Time Together: Love and Familyin the Shadow of the Prison | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MHDuIycGGLAC&q=underwire+bra+metal+detector&pg=PA54 | access-date = 2009-04-21 | edition = Illustrated | year = 2008 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn = 978-0-226-11463-7 | page = 54 | quote = The regulation of garments during visitor processing even encompasses undergarments, and virtually every woman on her first visit is sent away to remove the wire from her underwire bra so that she can pass through the metal detector without triggering the alarm.}}</ref> Other facilities require women to remove their underwire bras in a bathroom, pass through the metal detector, and return to the bathroom to put their bras back on.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite book | last = Sullivan | first = Dennis |author2=Larry Tifft | title = Handbook of restorative justice: a global perspective | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u-apPNMIJNEC&q=underwire+bra+metal+detector&pg=PA266 | access-date = 2009-04-21 | edition = Illustrated | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-415-35356-4 | page = 266 | quote = Women with an underwire bra can trigger the metal detector, requiring them to go into the bathroom with a paper bag, remove their bra, place it in the bag, return bare breasted under often revealing blouses, suffer the stares of the correctional officers, take back the bag and redress.}}</ref> |
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In June 2010, attorney Britney Horstman was barred from visiting her client in the [[Federal Detention Center, Miami|Federal Detention Center at Miami, Florida]] when her underwire bra set off the metal detector. Although she reminded guards of a detention center memo that permitted female attorneys visiting clients to wear an underwire bra, the guard refused her entry. That memo existed as a result of an agreement negotiated by the Federal [[Public Defender|Public Defender's]] Office, which represents [[prisoner|inmates]] held at the institution before trial. That agreement allows female lawyers entry if her underwire bra is detected by a metal-detecting wand. Horstman removed her bra in a bathroom and returned to the security checkpoint braless, but was then turned away because she did not meet the facility's [[dress code]]. Horstman had previously worn an underwire bra into the facility without problems. Warden Linda McGrew later promised the incident would not happen again.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/06/12/florida-attorney-barred-jail-bra-taking-bra/ |title=Florida Attorney Barred From Jail Over Bra, Then for Taking Bra Off |publisher=Fox News |access-date=3 October 2010|date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="MiamiHerald-20100612">{{cite news|title=Wrong bra, no bra: Jail bars lawyer|author=Jay Weaver|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/06/12/1676299_wrong-bra-no-bra-jail-bars-lawyer.html|newspaper=Miami Herald|access-date=July 14, 2010|date=June 12, 2010}}{{dead link|date=April 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |
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==Accidents and attacks== |
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There have been several cases where the underwire from a bra has helped deflect bullets or other objects, saving the wearer's life. |
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In 1996, a girl was impaled on a railing and, according to hospital personnel, the underwire from her bra probably saved her life by helping deflect the spike from her heart.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bra saves girl's life | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61313163.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104204735/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61313163.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-11-04 | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 1996-07-05 | publisher = The Mirror | location = London, England |
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| quote = A girl's underwired bra saved her life when she was impaled on railings. Caroline Baptiste, 14, slipped as she climbed the fence after being locked inside a park at Dartford, Kent. An iron spike went into her body under the left arm. Mum Patricia said yesterday: "The hospital told me the spike was probably deflected from Caroline's heart by her underwired bra."}}</ref> There have been multiple incidents where bullets were deflected by the underwire of a woman's bra, either keeping her entirely from harm, or directing the bullet away from the heart to another part of the body.<ref>{{cite news | title = Police: Bra Deflects Bullet, Saves Woman – Milwaukee News Story – WISN Milwaukee | url = http://www.wisn.com/news/19244438/detail.html | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2009-04-21 | publisher = Internet Broadcasting | quote = The bullet shattered the woman's living room window but barely grazed her skin. Police said it was the underwire in her bra that deflected the bullet.}}</ref> |
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One such incident occurred in 2004 when a stray bullet shot by a member of the [[Ghetto Boys]] hit the narrow metal wire in Helen Kelly's bra and was deflected away from her heart.<ref name="Akbar-deflect">{{cite news | last = Akbar | first = Arifa | title = Underwired bra saved shooting victim's life | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/underwired-bra-saved-shooting-victims-life-510048.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201015454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/underwired-bra-saved-shooting-victims-life-510048.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 1, 2009 | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2005-10-08 | newspaper = The Independent | quote = Helen Kelly's underwired bra deflected the bullet which doctors believe was heading towards her heart. The narrow piece of metal wiring, which snapped under the impact of the shot, bounced the bullet away from her heart and through her right breast.}}</ref> In 2008, a robbery victim was saved from being stabbed in the chest when the attacker's knife was caught and deflected by the underwire of her bra.<ref name="Stokes">{{cite news | last = Stokes | first = Paul | title = Barmaid saved from stabbing by £6 Asda bra | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3397141/Barmaid-saved-from-stabbing-by-6-Asda-bra.html | access-date = 2009-04-22 | date = 2008-09-07 | newspaper = The Daily Telegraph | quote = During a struggle the youth thrust the weapon at her chest, the point puncturing her skin. But the blade's serrated edge snagged on the wire under the cup of the cheap supermarket bra and prevented it penetrating further.}}</ref> |
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==Tham khảo== |
==Tham khảo== |
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Phiên bản lúc 16:28, ngày 12 tháng 11 năm 2023
Áo ngực có gọng (tiếng Anh: underwire bra, under wire bra, under-wire bra, hoặc underwired bra) là một loại áo lót sử dụng một dải mỏng hình bán nguyệt bằng vật liệu cứng, được lắp bên trong vải áo lót để giúp nâng, tách, định hình và nâng đỡ ngực của người phụ nữ. Gọng có thể được làm bằng kim loại, nhựa hoặc nhựa cây. Nó được may thành vải áo ngực và nằm dưới mỗi cúp áo, từ giữa rốn đến phần dưới nách người mặc. Nhiều thiết kế áo lót khác nhau kết hợp gọng, bao gồm áo lót có gọng , áo lót demi, áo ngực cho con bú và áo ngực được tích hợp vào các mặt hàng quần áo khác, chẳng hạn như áo top, váy và đồ bơi.
Khái niệm về 'gọng' có thể bắt nguồn từ một bằng sáng chế vào năm 1893. Sáng chế đó mô tả một thiết bị nâng đỡ ngực sử dụng một tấm cứng phía dưới ngực để tạo nên sự ổn định. Áo ngực có gọng hiện đại được thiết kế vào những năm 1930 và trở nên phổ biến rộng rãi vào những năm 1950. Tính đến năm 2005, áo ngực có gọng là phân khúc lớn nhất và phát triển nhanh nhất trên thị trường áo ngực. Áo ngực không có gọng được gọi là áo ngực cúp mềm.
Áo ngực có gọng đôi khi có liên quan đến các tình trạng sức khỏe bao gồm đau ngực, viêm tuyến vú và dị ứng kim loại. Trong một số trường hợp hiếm hoi, phụ nữ mặc áo ngực có gọng phải chịu sự giám sát chặt chẽ hơn khi áo ngực của họ kích hoạt máy dò kim loại tại các trạm kiểm soát an ninh ở sân bay hoặc nhà tù. Đã có một số trường hợp được ghi nhận trong đó gọng áo làm chệch hướng một viên đạn hoặc vũ khí khác găm vào ngực người phụ nữ.[1][2]
Tham khảo
- ^ Akbar, Arifa (8 tháng 10 năm 2005). “Underwired bra saved shooting victim's life”. The Independent. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 1 tháng 2 năm 2009. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 4 năm 2009.
Helen Kelly's underwired bra deflected the bullet which doctors believe was heading towards her heart. The narrow piece of metal wiring, which snapped under the impact of the shot, bounced the bullet away from her heart and through her right breast.
- ^ Stokes, Paul (7 tháng 9 năm 2008). “Barmaid saved from stabbing by £6 Asda bra”. The Daily Telegraph. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 4 năm 2009.
During a struggle the youth thrust the weapon at her chest, the point puncturing her skin. But the blade's serrated edge snagged on the wire under the cup of the cheap supermarket bra and prevented it penetrating further.
Liên kết ngoài
Tư liệu liên quan tới Underwire bras tại Wikimedia Commons
