Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Máy tính lượng tử”

Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
Duyệt lịch sử tương tác
← Thay đổi trướcThay đổi sau →
Nội dung được xóa Nội dung được thêm vào
Trực quanMã wiki
Không có tóm lược sửa đổi
Dòng 1: Dòng 1:
[[File:Bloch Sphere.svg|thumb|The [[Bloch sphere]] is a representation of a [[qubit]], the fundamental building block of quantum computers.]]
[[Tập tin:Alanine.png|nhỏ|[[Phân tử]] [[alanin]] trong phương pháp sửa lỗi dùng [[cộng hưởng từ hạt nhân]]. [[Qubit]] ở đây là [[trạng thái vật lý]] [[spin]] của [[nguyên tử]] [[cacbon|cácbon]].]]
A '''quantum computer''' (also known as a '''quantum supercomputer''') is a [[computation]] device that makes direct use of [[quantum mechanics|quantum-mechanical]] [[phenomena]], such as [[quantum superposition|superposition]] and [[quantum entanglement|entanglement]], to perform [[Instruction (computer science)|operation]]s on [[data]].<ref>"[http://phm.cba.mit.edu/papers/98.06.sciam/0698gershenfeld.html Quantum Computing with Molecules]" article in [[Scientific American]] by [[Neil Gershenfeld]] and [[Isaac L. Chuang]]</ref> Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on [[transistor]]s. Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits ([[bit]]s), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses [[qubits]] (quantum bits), which can be in superpositions of states. A theoretical model is the [[quantum Turing machine]], also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with [[Non-deterministic Turing machine|non-deterministic]] and [[probabilistic automaton|probabilistic computers]]; one example is the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously. The field of quantum computing was first introduced by [[Yuri Manin]] in 1980<ref name="manin1980vychislimoe">{{cite book| author=Manin, Yu. I.| title=Vychislimoe i nevychislimoe |trans_title=Computable and Noncomputable | year=1980| publisher=Sov.Radio| url=http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/M/MANIN_Yuriy_Ivanovich/Manin_Yu.I._Vychislimoe_i_nevychislimoe.(1980).%5Bdjv%5D.zip| pages=13–15| language=Russian| accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref> and [[Richard Feynman]] in 1982.<ref name="Feynman82">{{cite journal |last=Feynman |first=R. P. |title=Simulating physics with computers |journal=[[International Journal of Theoretical Physics]] |year=1982 |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=467–488 |doi=10.1007/BF02650179 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Quantum computation |authorlink=David Deutsch |first=David |last=Deutsch |journal=Physics World |date=1992-01-06 }}</ref> A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for use as a quantum [[space–time]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Finkelstein |chapter=Space-Time Structure in High Energy Interactions |title=Fundamental Interactions at High Energy |editor1-first=T. |editor1-last=Gudehus |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Kaiser |location=New York |publisher=Gordon & Breach |year=1969 }}</ref>


{{as of|2014}} quantum computing is still in its infancy but experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of qubits.<ref>[http://phys.org/news/2013-01-qubit-bodes-future-quantum.html New qubit control bodes well for future of quantum computing]</ref> Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national governments and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum [[computer]]s for both civilian and national security purposes, such as [[cryptanalysis]].<ref>[http://qist.lanl.gov/qcomp_map.shtml Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap] for a sense of where the research is heading.</ref>
'''Máy tính lượng tử''' là một thiết bị để thực hiện các [[giải thuật lượng tử]], sử dụng các hiện tượng mô tả trong [[cơ học lượng tử]], như [[chồng chập lượng tử]] hay [[rối lượng tử|vướng víu lượng tử]], để xử lý [[dữ liệu]]. Các máy tính cổ điển đo dung lượng dữ liệu theo [[bit]]; trong khi đó đơn vị đo dung lượng dữ liệu của máy tính lượng tử là [[qubit]]. Nguyên lý cơ bản của tính toán lượng tử là các tính chất lượng tử của các hạt được sử dụng để mô tả cấu trúc dữ liệu, và các cơ chế lượng tử được dùng để thực hiện biến đổi trên dữ liệu. Các máy tính lượng tử làm việc trên nền tảng của [[lô-gíc lượng tử]].
== Lý thuyết ==
=== Các qubit ===


Large-scale quantum computers will be able to solve certain problems much more quickly than any classical computer using the best currently known [[algorithm]]s, like [[integer factorization]] using [[Shor's algorithm]] or the [[Quantum algorithm#Quantum simulation|simulation of quantum many-body systems]]. There exist [[quantum algorithm]]s, such as [[Simon's algorithm]], which run faster than any possible probabilistic classical algorithm.<ref name=Simon1994>{{Cite journal
===Tính toán===
| title = On the power of quantum computation
=== Các giải thuật ===
| year = 1994
===Truyền dịch lượng tử===
| author = Simon, D.R.
== Ứng dụng của máy tính lượng tử ==
| journal = Foundations of Computer Science, 1994 Proceedings., 35th Annual Symposium on
==Các hiện thực hóa==
| pages = 116–123
| doi = 10.1109/SFCS.1994.365701
| isbn = 0-8186-6580-7}}</ref> Given sufficient computational resources, however, a classical computer could be made to simulate any quantum algorithm; quantum computation does not violate the [[Church–Turing thesis]].<ref>{{cite book
|last= Nielsen
|first= Michael A.
|coauthors= Chuang, Isaac L.
|title= Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
|page=202
}}</ref>


== Tham khảo ==
== Dẫn chứng ==
{{tham khảo}}
(bằng [[tiếng Anh]])
==Sách==
* [http://www.media.mit.edu/physics/publications/papers/98.06.sciam/0698gershenfeld.html Quantum Computing with Molecules], một bài viết trong [[Scientific American]] của [[Neil Gershenfeld]] và Isaac L. Chuang.
*{{Cite book | author= [[Michael Nielsen|Nielsen, Michael]] and [[Isaac L. Chuang|Chuang, Isaac]] |title=Quantum Computation and Quantum Information |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2000 |isbn=0-521-63503-9 |oclc= 174527496 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aai-P4V9GJ8C&printsec=frontcover}}

===Tham khảo chung===

*{{Cite journal | author=[[Derek Abbott]], [[Charles R. Doering]], [[Carlton M. Caves]], [[Daniel Lidar|Daniel M. Lidar]], [[Howard Brandt|Howard E. Brandt]], [[Alexander R. Hamilton]], [[David K. Ferry]], [[Julio Gea-Banacloche]], [[Sergey M. Bezrukov]], and [[Laszlo B. Kish]] |title=Dreams versus Reality: Plenary Debate Session on Quantum Computing |journal=Quantum Information Processing |year=2003 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=449–472 |doi=10.1023/B:QINP.0000042203.24782.9a | arxiv=quant-ph/0310130 |id={{hdl|2027.42/45526}}}}
*David P. DiVincenzo (2000). "The Physical Implementation of Quantum Computation". ''Experimental Proposals for Quantum Computation''. {{arxiv|quant-ph/0002077}}
*{{Cite journal | author=David P. DiVincenzo |title=Quantum Computation |journal=Science |year=1995 |volume=270 |issue=5234 |pages=255–261 |doi= 10.1126/science.270.5234.255 |bibcode = 1995Sci...270..255D }} Table 1 lists switching and dephasing times for various systems.
*{{Cite journal | author=[[Richard Feynman]] |title=Simulating physics with computers |journal=International Journal of Theoretical Physics |volume=21 |page=467 |year=1982 |doi = 10.1007/BF02650179 |bibcode = 1982IJTP...21..467F | issue=6–7 }}
*{{Cite book | author=Gregg Jaeger |title=Quantum Information: An Overview |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2006 |isbn=0-387-35725-4 |oclc=255569451}}
*{{Cite book | author= Stephanie Frank Singer |title=Linearity, Symmetry, and Prediction in the Hydrogen Atom |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=0-387-24637-1 |oclc= 253709076}}
*{{Cite book | author= Giuliano Benenti |title=Principles of Quantum Computation and Information Volume 1 | publisher=World Scientific |location=New Jersey |year=2004 |isbn=981-238-830-3 |oclc= 179950736}}
*Sam Lomonaco [http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~lomonaco/Lectures.html#OxfordLectures Four Lectures on Quantum Computing given at Oxford University in July 2006]
*C. Adami, N.J. Cerf. (1998). "Quantum computation with linear optics". {{arxiv|quant-ph/9806048v1}}.

*<cite id=Joachim>{{Cite book
|author = Joachim Stolze,
|coauthors = Dieter Suter,
|year = 2004
|title = Quantum Computing
|publisher = Wiley-VCH
|isbn = 3-527-40438-4
}}</cite>

*<cite id=Ian>{{cite web
|author = Ian Mitchell,
|year = 1998
|title = Computing Power into the 21st Century: Moore's Law and Beyond
|url = http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/mitchell98computing.html
}}</cite>

*<cite id=Rolf>{{cite web
|author = [[Rolf Landauer]],
|year = 1961
|title = Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process
|url = http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/053/ibmrd0503C.pdf
}}</cite>

*<cite id=Moore>{{Cite book
|author = [[Gordon E. Moore]]
|year = 1965
|title = Cramming more components onto integrated circuits
|journal = Electronics Magazine
}}</cite>

*<cite id=R.w.>{{Cite book
|author = R.W. Keyes,
|year = 1988
|title = Miniaturization of electronics and its limits
|journal = "IBM Journal of Research and Development"
}}</cite>

*<cite id=M.>{{cite web
|author = [[Michael Nielsen|M. A. Nielsen]],
|coauthors = E. Knill, ; [[Raymond Laflamme|R. Laflamme]],
|year =
|title = Complete Quantum Teleportation By Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
|url = http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/595490.html
}}</cite>

*<cite id=Lieven>{{Cite book
|author = Lieven M.K. Vandersypen,
|coauthors = Constantino S. Yannoni, ; Isaac L. Chuang,
|year = 2000
|title = Liquid state NMR Quantum Computing
}}</cite>

*<cite id=Imai>{{Cite book
|author = Imai Hiroshi,
|coauthors = Hayashi Masahito,
|year = 2006
|title = Quantum Computation and Information
|publisher = Springer
|isbn = 3-540-33132-8
|location = Berlin
}}</cite>

*<cite id=Andre>{{cite web
|author = Andre Berthiaume,
|year = 1997
|title = Quantum Computation
|url = http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/berthiaume97quantum.html
}}</cite>

*<cite id=David>{{cite web
|author = Daniel R. Simon,
|year = 1994
|title = On the Power of Quantum Computation
|publisher = Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Computer Society Press
|url = http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/simon94power.html
}}</cite>

*<cite id=rub>{{cite web
|title = Seminar Post Quantum Cryptology
|publisher = Chair for communication security at the Ruhr-University Bochum
|url = http://www.crypto.rub.de/its_seminar_ss08.html
}}</cite>

*<cite id=Sanders>{{cite web
|author = Laura Sanders,
|year = 2009
|title = First programmable quantum computer created
|url = http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/49951/title/First_programmable_quantum_computer_created
}}</cite>
*<cite id=sb>{{cite web
|title = New trends in quantum computation
|url = http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/itp/conf/simons-qcomputation2/
}}
</cite>

==Liên kết ngoài==
{{Commons|Quantum computer}}
*[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]: "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quantcomp/ Quantum Computing]" by Amit Hagar.
*[http://www.quantiki.org/ Quantiki] – Wiki and portal with free-content related to quantum information science.
*[http://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/ Scott Aaronson's blog]<!--Comes highly recommended by Tim Gowers-->, which features informative and critical commentary on developments in the field<!--and which delivers regular smackdowns of D-Wave rubbish-->
*[http://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.1339.pdf Quantum Annealing and Computation: A Brief Documentary Note, A. Ghosh and S. Mukherjee]
*[http://www.lps.umd.edu/Quantum%20Computing%20Group/QuantumComputingIndex.html Maryland University Laboratory for Physical Sciences]: conducts researches for the quantum computer-based project led by the NSA, named 'Penetrating Hard Target'.

;Lectures
*[https://www.coursera.org/course/qcomp Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Computation] — [[Coursera]] course by [[Umesh Vazirani]]
*[http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1826E60FD05B44E4 Quantum computing for the determined] — 22 video lectures by [[Michael Nielsen]]
*[http://www.quiprocone.org/Protected/DD_lectures.htm Video Lectures] by [[David Deutsch]]
*[http://www.quantware.ups-tlse.fr/IHP2006/ Lectures at the Institut Henri Poincaré (slides and videos)]
*[http://nanohub.org/resources/4778 Online lecture on An Introduction to Quantum Computing, Edward Gerjuoy (2008)]
*{{YouTube|dWcT_qrBN_w|Quantum Computing research by Mikko Möttönen at Aalto University (video)}}


{{máy tính lượng tử}}
{{máy tính lượng tử}}

Phiên bản lúc 15:50, ngày 9 tháng 2 năm 2014

The Bloch sphere is a representation of a qubit, the fundamental building block of quantum computers.

A quantum computer (also known as a quantum supercomputer) is a computation device that makes direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data.[1] Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on transistors. Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses qubits (quantum bits), which can be in superpositions of states. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers; one example is the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously. The field of quantum computing was first introduced by Yuri Manin in 1980[2] and Richard Feynman in 1982.[3][4] A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for use as a quantum space–time in 1969.[5]

Tính đến năm 2014 quantum computing is still in its infancy but experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of qubits.[6] Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national governments and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis.[7]

Large-scale quantum computers will be able to solve certain problems much more quickly than any classical computer using the best currently known algorithms, like integer factorization using Shor's algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-body systems. There exist quantum algorithms, such as Simon's algorithm, which run faster than any possible probabilistic classical algorithm.[8] Given sufficient computational resources, however, a classical computer could be made to simulate any quantum algorithm; quantum computation does not violate the Church–Turing thesis.[9]

Dẫn chứng

  1. ^ "Quantum Computing with Molecules" article in Scientific American by Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac L. Chuang
  2. ^ Manin, Yu. I. (1980). Vychislimoe i nevychislimoe (bằng tiếng Russian). Sov.Radio. tr. 13–15. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 3 năm 2013. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |trans_title= (gợi ý |trans-title=) (trợ giúp)Quản lý CS1: ngôn ngữ không rõ (liên kết)
  3. ^ Feynman, R. P. (1982). “Simulating physics with computers”. International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 21 (6): 467–488. doi:10.1007/BF02650179.
  4. ^ Deutsch, David (6 tháng 1 năm 1992). “Quantum computation”. Physics World.
  5. ^ Finkelstein, David (1969). “Space-Time Structure in High Energy Interactions”. Trong Gudehus, T.; Kaiser, G. (biên tập). Fundamental Interactions at High Energy. New York: Gordon & Breach.
  6. ^ New qubit control bodes well for future of quantum computing
  7. ^ Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap for a sense of where the research is heading.
  8. ^ Simon, D.R. (1994). “On the power of quantum computation”. Foundations of Computer Science, 1994 Proceedings., 35th Annual Symposium on: 116–123. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1994.365701. ISBN 0-8186-6580-7.
  9. ^ Nielsen, Michael A. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. tr. 202. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |coauthors= (gợi ý |author=) (trợ giúp)

Sách

Tham khảo chung

  • Joachim Stolze, (2004). Quantum Computing. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-40438-4. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |coauthors= (gợi ý |author=) (trợ giúp)Quản lý CS1: dấu chấm câu dư (liên kết)
  • Gordon E. Moore (1965). Cramming more components onto integrated circuits. Electronics Magazine.
  • R.W. Keyes, (1988). Miniaturization of electronics and its limits. "IBM Journal of Research and Development".Quản lý CS1: dấu chấm câu dư (liên kết)
  • Lieven M.K. Vandersypen, (2000). Liquid state NMR Quantum Computing. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |coauthors= (gợi ý |author=) (trợ giúp)Quản lý CS1: dấu chấm câu dư (liên kết)
  • Imai Hiroshi, (2006). Quantum Computation and Information. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-33132-8. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |coauthors= (gợi ý |author=) (trợ giúp)Quản lý CS1: dấu chấm câu dư (liên kết)

Liên kết ngoài

Lectures
Máy tính lượng tử
Qubit | Mạch lượng tử | Máy tính lượng tử | Mật mã lượng tử | Thông tin lượng tử | Viễn tải lượng tử | Máy ảo lượng tử | Lịch sử máy tính lượng tử
Máy tính lượng tử cộng hưởng từ hạt nhân
Máy tính lượng tử CHT lỏng | Máy tính lượng tử CHT rắn
Máy tính quang tử
Máy tính quang tử tuyến tính | Máy tính quang tử phi tuyến | Máy tính lượng tử đồng pha
Máy tính lượng tử bẫy ion
Máy tính bẫy ion NIST | Máy tính bẫy ion Áo
Máy tính lượng tử silíc
Máy tính lượng tử Kane
Máy tính lượng tử siêu dẫn
Qubit tích điện | Qubit thông | Qubit lai


Lấy từ “https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Máy_tính_lượng_tử&oldid=15642343”