Thành viên:Chỉ Có Ở Việt Nam/Kính ngữ tiếng Mân Nam

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Bản mẫu:Hokkien grammar Tiếng Mân Nam hay tiếng Mân Tuyền Chương uses a broad array of honorific suffixes or prefixes for addressing or referring to people. Most are suffixes. Honorifics are often non-gender-neutral; some imply a feminine context (such as sió-chiá) while others imply a masculine one (such as sian-siⁿ), and still others imply both.

Kính ngữ phổ biến và thông dụng[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Sian-siⁿ[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Sian-siⁿ (先生 tiên sinh), also pronounced sian-seⁿ in some Hokkien dialects, is the most commonplace male honorific and is a title of respect typically used between equals of any age. Sian-siⁿ is also used to refer to or address authority figures, especially teachers and doctors. The usage is also seen in other East Asian languages (see sensei).

Sió-chiá[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Sió-chiá (小姐 tiểu thư) is a term for an unmarried woman.

Kính ngữ trong gia tộc[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Honorifics for family members have two different forms in Hokkien.

For a younger family member to call an elder one, the prefixes a- (阿) or chó͘- (祖) is used as the honorific. The usage may also be used to mention one's own family members. For examples:

Base noun Honorific Dịch nghĩa tiếng Việt
Phiên âm Bạch thoại Hàn-jī Pe̍h-ōe-jī Chữ Hán
kong chó͘-kong 祖公 great grandfather
chó͘-má 祖媽 great grandmother
kong a-kong 阿公 grandfather
a-má 阿媽 grandmother
pah a-pah 阿爸 father
/ a-bú / a-bó 阿母 mother
hiaⁿ a-hiaⁿ 阿兄 elder brother
ché / chí a-ché / a-chí 阿姊 elder sister

Note that it is very impolite to say lín chó͘-má (your great grandma) in some situations; it may be regarded as a rude singular first personal pronoun for the female speakers. (See Hokkien pronouns)

For someone to mention his or her own parents to a non-family-member, the prefix lāu- (老) is sometimes used to replace the prefix a- as the honorific.

Base noun Honorific Dịch sang tiếng Việt
Bạch thoại tự Hàn-jī Pe̍h-ōe-jī Hàn-jī
lāu-pē 老父 father
/ lāu-bú / lāu-bó 老母 mẹ
bu

For someone to mention his or her own elder family members to a non-family-member, the prefix án- (俺), which literally means my, is also used in some areas. For examples:

Base noun Honorific Dịch sang tiếng Việt
Pe̍h-ōe-jī Hàn-jī Pe̍h-ōe-jī Hàn-jī
án-má 俺媽 grandmother
niâ án-niâ 俺娘 mother
ko͘ án-ko͘ 俺姑 aunt

Kính ngữ liên quan đến công việc[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Sai[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Similar to suffix -su and -sū mentioned later, the suffix -sai (師) is used for some people with skillful techniques; for example, kûn-thâu-sai (拳頭師) for martial artists, phah-thih-á-sai (拍鐵仔師) for blacksmiths, phah-chio̍h-sai (拍石師) for masons, thô͘-chúi-sai (塗水師) for plasterers, chóng-phò͘-sai (總舖師) for chefs and sai-kōng (師公) for a daoshi.

Su[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Many people with different occupations get their own honorifics with a suffix -su (師 sư) in Hokkien. For example, i-su (醫師 y sư) for doctors, io̍h-chè-su (藥劑師) for pharmacists, kang-têng-su (工程師 công trình sư) for engineers, lāu-su (老師 lão sư) for teachers, and lu̍t-su (律師 luật sư) for lawyers.

[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

For academic degrees, the titles are suffixed with -sū (士 sĩ); for examples, phok-sū (博士) for doctorate degree, se̍k-sū (碩士) for master's degree, and ha̍k-sū (學士) for bachelor's degree. In addition, some occupations have their honorifics with a suffix -sū; for example, hō͘-sū (護士 hộ sĩ) for nurses, piān-sū (辯士 biện sĩ) for voice-overs, and chō͘-sán-sū (助產士) for midwives.

Kính ngữ dành cho Hoàng tộc và chính khách[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

  • Pē-hā (陛下 bệ hạ) is used for sovereign royalty, similar to "Majesty" in English.
  • Tiān-hā (殿下 điện hạ) is used for non-sovereign royalty, similar to "Highness" in English.
  • Chóng-thóng (總統 tổng thống) means president.
  • Chóng-lí (總理 tổng lý) means prime minister.
  • Koh-hā (閣下) means "Your Excellency", and is used for heads of state (except for those addressed by Pē-hā or Tiān-hā), heads of government, ministers.

Các kính ngữ khác[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Phiên âm Bạch thoại Hàn-jī Literal meaning Gender Usage Examples Notes
chí / ché elder sister female suffix Mary-chí The honorific chí or ché is usually added right after one's name, and it shows a "sister-like" respect.
hiaⁿ elder brother male suffix John-hiaⁿ The honorific hiaⁿ is usually added right after one's name, and it shows a "brother-like" respect.
father, master male suffix Sêng-hông-iâ (城隍爺 thành hoàng gia), lāu-iâ (老爺 lão gia), siàu-iâ (少爺 thiếu gia) The honorific is usually used for gods, deities, or honorable people.
koaⁿ neutral suffix sin-lông-koaⁿ (新郎倌) means bridegroom
kùi noble neutral prefix
  • kùi-keⁿ (貴庚) for asking for someone's age
  • kùi-sèⁿ (貴姓) for asking for someone's surname
lán you neutral pronoun Lán tó-ūi beh chhōe? (Who is this on the phone?) The Hokkien pronoun lán usually means "we" (inclusive), but it is often used to ask for one's information on telephone conversation politely.
lāu old, experienced male, sometimes female prefix
  • lāu-su (老師 lão sư) means teacher.
  • lāu-sai-hū (老師傅) means experienced technician.
  • lāu-seng (老生) means experienced elders.
The prefix lāu may sometimes be impolite or even rude to call someone because the word lāu means "old"; for example, lāu-hòe-á (老歲仔) for old person or lāu-kâu (老猴), which literally means "old monkey", for old man or husband. Therefore, one should note that the prefix lāu doesn't always imply respect.
sòe year neutral
  • bān-sòe (萬歲 vạn tuế) for addressing emperor
  • chhian-sòe (千歲 thiên tuế) for addressing empress
thâu the head neutral prefix or suffix
  • thâu-lâng (頭儂) means master
  • thâu-ke (頭家) means employer or husband
  • kang-thâu (工頭) means foreman
In Hokkien-language, the noun thâu originally means "head", and is later extended to the "leader" or the "master".

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Bản mẫu:Honorifics