Giáp long xương kết

Nodosaurids
Thời điểm hóa thạch: Late Jurassic - Late Cretaceous, 155–66 triệu năm trước đây TiềnЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Life restoration of Edmontonia
Phân loại khoa học
Giới (regnum)	Animalia
Ngành (phylum)	Chordata
Lớp (class)	Sauropsida
Liên bộ (superordo)	Dinosauria
Bộ (ordo)	†Ornithischia
Phân bộ (subordo)	†Thyreophora
Phân thứ bộ (infraordo)	†Ankylosauria
Họ (familia)	†Nodosauridae
Danh pháp đồng nghĩa
Acanthopholididae Nopcsa, 1902 Acanthopholidae Nopcsa, 1917 Acanthopolidae Nopcsa, 1923 (lapsus calami) Hylaeosauridae Nopcsa, 1902 Polacanthidae Wieland, 1911 Palaeoscincidae Nopcsa, 1918 Panoplosauridae Nopcsa, 1929 Struthiosauridae Kuhn, 1966 Edmontoniidae Bakker, 1988

Edmontonia in Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology

Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaurian dinosaurs, from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous Period of what are now North America, Asia, Antarctica and Europe.

Characteristics

Diagnostic characteristics for the Nodosauridae include the following: supraorbital boss rounded protuberance, occipital condyle derived from only the basioccipital and ornamentation present on the premaxilla. There is a fourth ambiguous character: the acromion, which is a knob-like process. All nodosaurids, like other ankylosaurs, may be described as medium-sized to large, heavily built quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs, possessing small denticulate teeth and parasagittal rows of osteoderms (a type of armour) on the dorsolateral surfaces of the body.

Phân loại

Phân loại

The family Nodosauridae was erected by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890, and anchored on the genus Nodosaurus. The following taxonomy follows Thompson et al., 2011 unless otherwise noted.

• Family Nodosauridae
  • ?Aletopelta (California, Western North America)
  • Animantarx (Utah, Western North America)
  • Antarctopelta (James Ross Island, Northeastern Antarctic Peninsula)
  • Edmontonia (Alberta, Western North America)
  • Glyptodontopelta (New Mexico, Western North America)
  • Mymoorapelta (Colorado, central North America)
  • Niobrarasaurus (Kansas, Western North America)
  • Nodosaurus (Wyoming and Kansas, Western North America)
  • Panoplosaurus (Montana and Alberta, Western North America)
  • Pawpawsaurus (Texas, Western North America)
  • Peloroplites (Utah, Western North America)
  • Propanoplosaurus (Maryland, Eastern North America)
  • Sauropelta (Wyoming and Montana, Western North America)
  • Silvisaurus (Kansas, Western North America)
  • Stegopelta (Wyoming, Western North America)
  • Tatankacephalus (Montana, Western North America)
  • Texasetes (Texas, Western North America)
  • Zhejiangosaurus (Zhejiang Province, Eastern China)
  • Subfamily Polacanthinae According to Kirkland et al. (2013) the valid name for this group is Polacanthidae.
    • Gargoyleosaurus (Wyoming, Western North America)
    • Gastonia (Utah, Western North America)
    • Hoplitosaurus (South Dakota, central North America)
    • Hylaeosaurus (Sussex, Southern England)
    • Polacanthus (Isle of Wight and Sussex, Southern England)
  • Subfamily Struthiosaurinae (Europe)
    • Anoplosaurus (England, Northwestern Europe)
    • Europelta (Spain, Southwestern Europe)
    • Hungarosaurus (Hungary, Central-Southern Europe)
    • Struthiosaurus (Central-Southern Europe)
• Dubious Nodosaurids
  • Acanthopholis (United Kingdom, Western Europe)
  • Palaeoscincus

Phát sinh loài

The clade Nodosauridae was first defined by Paul Sereno in 1998 as "all ankylosaurs closer to Panoplosaurus than to Ankylosaurus," a definition followed by Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel in 2004. Vickaryous et al. considered two genera of nodosaurids to be of uncertain placement (incertae sedis): Struthiosaurus and Animantarx, and considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be Cedarpelta. The cladogram below follows the most resolved topology from a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Richard S. Thompson, Jolyon C. Parish, Susannah C. R. Maidment and Paul M. Barrett. The placement of Polacanthinae follows its original definition by Kenneth Carpenter in 2001.

Nodosauridae

Antarctopelta         Mymoorapelta       Hylaeosaurus     Anoplosaurus           Tatankacephalus     Polacanthus rudgwickensis   Polacanthinae   Gargoyleosaurus     Hoplitosaurus       Gastonia       Peloroplites     Polacanthus               Struthiosaurus     Zhejiangosaurus         Hungarosaurus       Animantarx       Niobrarasaurus     Nodosaurus     Pawpawsaurus     Sauropelta     Silvisaurus     Stegopelta     Texasetes       Edmontonia     Panoplosaurus

Timeline

Biogeography

The near simultaneous appearance of nodosaurids in both North America and Europe is worthy of consideration. Europelta is the oldest nodosaurid from Europe, it is derived from the lower Albian Escucha Formation. The oldest western North American nodosaurid is Sauropelta, from the lower Albian Little Sheep Mudstone Member of the Cloverly Formation, at an age of 108.5±0.2 million years. Eastern North American fossils seem older. Teeth of Priconodon crassus from the Arundel Clay of the Potomac Group of Maryland, which dates near the Aptian–Albian boundary. The Propanoplosaurus hatchling from the base of the underlying Patuxent Formation, dating to the upper Aptian, is the oldest known nodosaurid.

Polacanthids are known from pre-Aptian fauna from both Europe and North America. The timing of the appearance of nodosaurids on both continents indicates that the origins of the clade preceded the isolation of North America and Europe, pushing the group's date of evolution back to at least the "middle" Aptian. The separation of Nodosauridae into European Struthiosaurinae and North American Nodosaurinae by the end of the Aptian provides a revised date for the isolation of the continents from each other by rising sealevels.

Below is a table showing the age difference between continents. North American nodosaurids are teal, European nodosaurids are green, European polacanthids are blue, and North American polacanthids are brown. Other nodosaurids or polacanthids are black. This table supports the observations by Kirkland et al. (2013).

• James Kirkland et al. considers Mymoorapelta, Gargoyleosaurus, Hylaeosaurus, Polacanthus, Hoplitosaurus and Gastonia to be Polacanthids, outside of Nodosauridae.

Tham khảo

• Carpenter, K. (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria." In Carpenter, K., (ed.) 2001: The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 2001, pp. xv-526
• Osi, Attila (2005). Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(2):370-383, June 2003.