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==Tham khảo==
==Tham khảo==
{{tham khảo}}
{{tham khảo|2}}

==Sách tham khảo==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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| title = Senate Document 106-29: History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics
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| publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office
| year = 2001
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| contribution = Umayyad Arches, Vaults & Domes: Merging and Re-creation. Contributions to Early Islamic Construction History (conference paper)
| title = Second International Congress on Construction History, Queens' College, Cambridge University; 29/03-02/04/2006
| pages = 195–220
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| contribution=Behaviour of Masonry Vaults and Domes: Geometrical Considerations
| title=Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions
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| editor-last1=Lourenço
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* {{cite book
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| journal = 10 Years of Progress on Shell and Spatial Structures: 11–15 September 1989
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}}
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}}
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|contribution = Islamic Domes of Crossed-arches: Origin, Geometry and Structural Behavior
|year = 2010
|title = ARCH'10 – 6th International Conference on Arch Bridges, October 11–13, 2010
|pages = 346–353
|location = Fuzhou, Fujian, China
|url = http://www.arch-bridges.com.cn/paper2010/pdf/45-Islamic%20domes%20of%20crossed-arches%20Origin,%20geometry%20and%20structural%20behavior.pdf
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|access-date = 2015-03-13
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|archive-date = 2014-04-27
|url-status = dead
}}
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| contribution = Pietro da Cortona's Domes between New Experimentations and Construction Knowledge
| year = 2003
| title = Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th–24th January 2003
| pages = 579–591
| publisher = I. Juan de Herrera
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|archivedate = 2012-03-05
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gayle
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| year = 1998
| title = Cast-iron architecture in America: the significance of James Bogardus
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* {{citation
| last = Giustina
| first = Irene
| contribution = On the art and the culture of domes. Construction in Milan and Lombardy in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century
| year = 2003
| title = Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History
| publisher = Sociedad Española de Historia de la Construcción
| location = Madrid, Spain
| contribution-url = http://www.sedhc.es/biblioteca/actas/CIHC1_101_Giustina%20I.pdf
| pages = 1033–1042
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}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Grabar
| first = Oleg
| date = December 1963
| title = The Islamic Dome, Some Considerations
| journal = Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
| volume = 22
| number = 4
| pages = 191–198
| ref = {{sfnRef|Grabar|1963}}
| doi=10.2307/988190
| jstor = 988190
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Grabar
| first = Oleg
| date = March 1990
| title = From Dome of Heaven to Pleasure Dome
| journal = Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
| volume = 49
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| doi = 10.2307/990496
| jstor = 990496
| pages = 15–21
| ref = {{sfnRef|Grabar|1990}}
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Grupico
| first = Theresa
| title = The Dome in Christian and Islamic Sacred Architecture
| year = 2011
| journal = The Forum on Public Policy
| volume = 2011
| number = 3
| url = http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/vol2011no3/archive/grupico.pdf
| accessdate = November 16, 2014
| pages = 14
| ref = {{sfnRef|Grupico|2011}}
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Gye
| first = D. H.
| title = Arches and Domes in Iranian Islamic Buildings: An Engineer's Perspective
| year = 1988
| journal = Iran
| volume = 26
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| pages = 129–144
| ref = {{sfnRef|Gye|1988}}
| doi=10.2307/4299807
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Hamilton
| first = George Heard
| year = 1983
| title = The Art and Architecture of Russia
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| publisher = Yale University Press
| location =
| edition = illustrated
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| isbn = 978-0-300-05327-2
| ref = {{sfnRef|Hamilton|1983}}
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Hassan
| first = Ahmad Sanusi
| last2 = Mazloomi
| first2 = Mehrdad
| last3 = Omer
| first3 = Spahic
| title = Sectional Analysis of Pendentive Dome Mosques During Ottoman Era
| year = 2010
| journal = Canadian Social Science
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{{Refend}}
{{sơ khai}}
{{sơ khai}}


Phiên bản lúc 17:35, ngày 3 tháng 6 năm 2020

Kiến trúc vòm
Kiến trúc vòm

Mái vòm (từ tiếng Latin : domus ) là một yếu tố kiến trúc giống với nửa trên rỗng của một hình cầu . Định nghĩa chính xác là một vấn đề gây tranh cãi. Ngoài ra còn có một loạt các hình thức và thuật ngữ chuyên ngành để mô tả chúng. Một mái vòm có thể đặt trên một mái phẳng hoặc trống, và có thể được hỗ trợ bởi các cột hoặc cầu nối mà chuyển đổi sang hình vòm. Một chiếc đèn trên mái có thể bao phủ một lỗ tròn đỉnh vòm và bản thân nó có thể có một mái vòm khác .

Mái vòm có một dòng dõi kiến trúc dài kéo dài từ thời tiền sử và chúng đã được xây dựng từ bùn, tuyết, đá, gỗ, gạch, bê tông, kim loại, thủy tinh và nhựa trong nhiều thế kỷ. Biểu tượng liên quan đến mái vòm bao gồm nhà xác, thiên thể và truyền thống chính phủ đã phát triển tương tự theo thời gian.

Mái vòm đã được tìm thấy từ Lưỡng Hà khá sớm, điều này có thể giải thích sự lây lan của hình thức xây dựng này. Chúng được tìm thấy trong kiến trúc Ba Tư, Hy Lạp, La Mã và Trung Quốc trong thế giới cổ đại, cũng như trong số một số truyền thống xây dựng bản địa đương đại. Các cấu trúc mái vòm rất phổ biến trong kiến trúc Hồi giáo Byzantine và thời trung cổ, và có rất nhiều ví dụ từ Tây Âu vào thời Trung cổ . Phong cách kiến trúc thời Phục hưng lan rộng từ Ý trong thời kỳ đầu hiện đại . Những tiến bộ trong toán học, vật liệu và kỹ thuật sản xuất kể từ thời điểm đó dẫn đến các loại mái vòm mới. Các mái vòm của thế giới hiện đại có thể được tìm thấy trên các tòa nhà tôn giáo, phòng lập pháp, sân vận động thể thao và một loạt các cấu trúc chức năng.

Thuật ngữ

So sánh một vòm "thật" nói chung (trái) và vòm corbel (phải)

Một mái vòm là một vòm tròn được làm bằng các đoạn cong hoặc mặt tròn xoay, có nghĩa là một vòm xoay quanh trục thẳng đứng trung tâm của nó. [1] Thuật ngữ được sử dụng là một nguồn gây tranh cãi, với sự không nhất quán giữa các học giả và ngay cả trong các văn bản riêng lẻ, nhưng thuật ngữ "mái vòm" có thể được coi là "từ ngữ để mô tả một yếu tố bao trùm bán cầu hoặc tương tự." [2] Một bán vòm hoặc nửa vòm là một hình bán nguyệt thường được sử dụng, đặc biệt là trong các đỉnh .

Đôi khi được gọi là vòm "giả", vòm cong corbel có thể đạt được hình dạng của chúng bằng cách kéo dài từng lớp đá nằm ngang vào bên trong hơi xa hơn lớp dưới cho đến khi chúng gặp nhau ở trên cùng. [3] Một mái vòm "giả" cũng có thể ám chỉ một mái vòm bằng gỗ. [4] Vòm "thật" được cho là những cấu trúc có trạng thái nén, với các yếu tố cấu thành của voussoirs hình nêm, các khớp nối thẳng với một điểm trung tâm. Tính hợp lệ của điều này là không rõ ràng, vì các mái vòm được xây dựng dưới lòng đất với các lớp đá hình vành đai cũng đang bị nén từ các vùng đất xung quanh. [5] Việc sử dụng thuật ngữ finto của người Ý, có nghĩa là "sai", có thể được bắt nguồn từ thế kỷ 17 trong việc sử dụng hình vòm làm từ thảm lau sậy và vữa thạch cao. [6]

Cũng như các đường cong, "spring" của một mái vòm là cấp độ mà mái vòm cao lên. Đỉnh của một mái vòm là "vương miện". Mặt trong của một mái vòm được gọi là "intrados" và mặt ngoài được gọi là "extrados". [7] "Haunch" là một phần của vòm nằm gần nửa giữa đế và đỉnh. [8]

Từ " cupola " là một từ khác của "mái vòm", và thường được sử dụng cho một mái vòm nhỏ trên mái nhà hoặc tháp pháo . [9] "Cupola" cũng đã được sử dụng để mô tả mặt trong của mái vòm. [10]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Hourihane 2012, tr. 301.
  2. ^ Dodge 1984, tr. 265-266.
  3. ^ Huerta 2007, tr. 212.
  4. ^ Hourihane 2012, tr. 302.
  5. ^ Wright 2009, tr. 179-180, 188.
  6. ^ Nobile & Bares 2015, tr. 4.
  7. ^ Dumser 2010, tr. 436.
  8. ^ Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991, tr. 203.
  9. ^ Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991, tr. 114.
  10. ^ Technical 1872, tr. 252.

Sách tham khảo

Lấy từ “https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiến_trúc_vòm&oldid=62081168”