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==Tham khảo==
==Tham khảo==
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==Sách tham khảo==
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*{{cite journal|last=Carey|first=William|date=April 1814|page=|title=Burning a leper to death|journal=Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfADAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Williams&Son|location=London|volume=22|editor=J. Hooper}}
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*{{cite journal|last=DuBois|first=W.E.B.|title=The Waco Horror|journal=The Crisis|date=July 1916|volume=12|issue=Supplement to no. 3|pages=1–8|url=http://dl.lib.brown.edu/pdfs/1292363091648500.pdf|publisher=Archived by the Modernist Journals Project}}
*{{cite book|last=Dumas|first=Alexandre|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511613|title=Celebrated crimes|publisher=Chapman and Hall|year=1843|location=London}}
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*{{cite web|author=França, Ronaldo.|title=Como na Chicago de Capone|work=Veja on-line (30 January 2002)|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/300102/p_094.html|accessdate=8 October 2007}}
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{{refend}}



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Phiên bản lúc 05:11, ngày 23 tháng 3 năm 2020

"Phép báp têm bằng lửa" đối với thủ lĩnh Old Believer Avvakum năm 1682

Thiêu sống là một phương pháp tử hình liên quan đến đốt cháy hoặc tiếp xúc với nhiệt độ cực cao. Nó có một lịch sử lâu đời như một hình thức tử hình và nhiều xã hội đã sử dụng nó cho các hoạt động tội phạm như phản quốc, dị giáo và phù thủy. Vụ xử tử được biết đến nhiều nhất của loại hình này là thiêu sống trên cọc với người bị kết án bị buộc vào một cọc gỗ lớn và một ngọn lửa được đốt bên dưới.

Lịch sử

Thời Cổ đại

Cận Đông cổ đại

Babylonia cổ đại

Bộ luật pháp vào thế kỷ 18 TCN do vua Babylon Hammurabi ban hành, quy định một số tội ác trong đó thiêu sống được cho là phù hợp. Những kẻ cướp khi nhà cháy có thể bị ném vào ngọn lửa, và các nữ tu sĩ bỏ chạy khỏi tu viện và chạy vào nhà trọ hay quán rượu cũng có thể bị trừng phạt bằng cách bị thiêu sống. Hơn nữa, một người đàn ông phạm tội loạn luân với mẹ mình sau cái chết của cha mình cũng có thể bị thiêu sống.[1]

Ai Cập cổ đại

Ở Ai Cập cổ đại, có một số vụ thiêu sống liên quan đến quân nổi loạn đã được chứng thực. Senusret I (r. 1971-1926 TCN) được cho là đã vây bắt phiến quân trong chiến dịch, và thiêu sống họ như những ngọn đuốc người. Trong cuộc nội chiến bùng nổ dưới thời Takelot II hơn một ngàn năm sau, Thái tử Osorkon tỏ ra không thương xót, và thiêu sống nhiều phiến quân.[2] Trên các cuốn sách thời hiệu, ít nhất, phụ nữ phạm tội ngoại tình có thể bị thiêu sống. Tuy nhiên, Jon Manchip White không nghĩ rằng các hình phạt này thường được thực hiện, chỉ ra thực tế là pharaoh phải đích thân phê chuẩn mỗi phán quyết thiêu sống.[3]

Assyria

Trong thời kỳ Assyria, đoạn 40 trong một văn bản luật được bảo tồn liên quan đến khuôn mặt bắt buộc phải lộ ra đối với gái mại dâm chuyên nghiệp, và hình phạt đi kèm nếu cô ta vi phạm điều đó bằng cách che mặt (giống như cách các bà vợ che mặt nơi công cộng):

Một con điếm không bao giờ được phép lộ mặt. Bất cứ ai bắt gặp một con điếm để lộ khuôn mặt của mình đều có thể bắt ... và đem ả đến lối vào cung điện ... họ sẽ đổ hắc ín nóng chảy lên đầu ả ta.[4]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Roth (2010), p. 5
  2. ^ Wilkinson (2011): Senusret I incident, p. 169 Osorkon incident, p. 412
  3. ^ White (2011), p. 167
  4. ^ Schneider (2008), p. 154

Sách tham khảo


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