Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Sa la”
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{{taxobox |
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|image = Shorea robusta.jpg |
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|status = LR/lc |
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|status_system = IUCN2.3 |
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|regnum = [[Plantae]] |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |
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|ordo = [[Malvales]] |
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|familia = [[Dipterocarpaceae]] |
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|genus = ''[[Shorea]]'' |
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|species = '''''S. robusta''''' |
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|binomial = ''Shorea robusta'' |
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|binomial_authority = [[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth|Roth]] |
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|synonyms = ''Vatica robusta'' |
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|}} |
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{{Italic title}} |
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'''''Shorea robusta''''', còn gọi là cây '''sala''', là một loài cây gỗ trong họ [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. |
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<!--Tạm dịch |
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==Phân bố== |
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[[Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- new leaves with flower buds at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 120.jpg|thumb|left| New leaves with flower buds at [[Jayanti]] in [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]] in [[Jalpaiguri]] district of [[West Bengal]], India. ]] |
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This tree is native to the [[Indian Subcontinent]], ranging south of the [[Himalaya]], from [[Myanmar]] in the east to [[Nepal]], [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. In India, it extends from [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], [[Orissa]] and [[Jharkhand]] west to the [[Shivalik Hills]] in [[Haryana]], east of the [[Yamuna]]. The range also extends through the [[Eastern Ghats]] and to the eastern [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] ranges of central India. It is often the dominant tree in the forests where it occurs. In [[Nepal]], it is found mostly in the [[terai]] region from east to west, especially, in the Churia range (the Shivalik Hill [[Churia Range]]) in the subtropical climate zone. There are many protected areas, such as [[Chitwan National Park]], Bardiya National Park [[Bardia National Park]], Shukla Phat National Parks, etc., where there are dense forests of huge sal trees. It is also found in the lower belt of the hilly region and inner terai. |
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==Miêu tả== |
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Sal is moderate to slow growing, and can attain heights of 30 to 35 m and a trunk diameter of up to 2-2.5 m. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 10–25 cm long and 5–15 cm broad. In wetter areas, it is [[evergreen]]; in drier areas, it is dry-season [[deciduous]], shedding most of the leaves in between February to April, leafing out again in April and May. |
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==Tôn giáo== |
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[[File:Birth of Buddha at Lumbini.jpg|thumb|left|Queen Māyā giving birth to the Buddha]] |
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In [[Hindu]] tradition, the sal tree is said to be favoured by [[Vishnu]].<ref>[http://www.salagram.net/Sacred-trees.html Sacred trees]</ref> Its name ''shala'', ''shaal'' or ''sal'', comes from [[Sanskrit]]; other names in the Sanskrit language are ''ashvakarna'', ''chiraparna'' and ''sarja'', among many others.<ref>[http://www.ayurvedaconsultants.com/herb_consult.aspx?commonName=SHAAL Ayurveda Shaal]</ref> |
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The sal tree is often confused with the [[ashoka tree]] ''(Saraca indica)'' in the ancient literature of the [[Indian Subcontinent]]. |
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In [[Buddhist]] tradition, it is said that [[Queen Māyā of Sakya]] gave birth to Gautama [[Buddha]] under a sal tree or an asoka tree in a garden in [[Lumbini]], in south [[Nepal]], while grasping its branch. When this event took place, Queen Māyā was en route to birth him in his grandfather's kingdom. It is also said that four pairs of sal trees growing around the Buddha's bed suddenly turned white when he died. |
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There is a standard decorative element of Hindu [[Sculpture in India|Indian sculpture]] which originated in a ''[[yakshi]]'' grasping the branch of a flowering tree while setting her foot against its roots.<ref>Buddhistische Bilderwelt: Hans Wolfgang Schumann, ''Ein ikonographisches Handbuch des Mahayana- und Tantrayana-Buddhismus.'' Eugen Diederichs Verlag. Cologne. ISBN 3-424-00897-4, ISBN 978-3-424-00897-5</ref> This decorative sculptural element was integrated into [[Architecture of India|Indian temple architecture]] as ''[[salabhanjika]]'' or "sal tree maiden", although it is not clear either whether it is a sal tree or an asoka tree.<ref>Eckard Schleberger, ''Die indische Götterwelt. Gestalt, Ausdruck und Sinnbild'' Eugen Diederich Verlag. Cologne. ISBN 3-424-00898-2, ISBN 978-3-424-00898-2</ref> |
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In Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, one can find typical Nepali pagoda temple architectures with very rich wooden carvings, and most of the temples, such as Nyatapol Temple ([[Nyatapola]]), are made of bricks and sal tree wood. |
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==Sử dụng== |
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Sal is one of the most important sources of [[hardwood]] timber in India, with hard, coarse-grained wood that is light in colour when freshly cut, but becomes dark brown with exposure. The wood is resinous and durable, and is sought-after for construction, although not well suited to planing and polishing. The wood is specially suitable for constructing frames for doors and windows. |
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The dry leaves of sal are a major source for the production of leaf plates and leaf bowls in northern and eastern India. The leaves are also used fresh to serve ready made ''[[paan]]'' (betelnut preparations) and small snacks such as boiled [[black gram|black ''grams'']], ''[[gol gappa]]'', etc. The used leaves/plates are readily eaten by goats and cattle that roam the streets freely. The tree has therefore protected northern India from a flood of styrofoam and plastic plates that would have caused tremendous pollution. In [[South India]], fresh [[plantain]] and [[banana]] leaves are used instead. |
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Sal tree resin, ''ṛla'' in Sanskrit, is used as an [[astringent]] in [[Ayurvedic]] medicine.<ref>[http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Hindus-Materia.../Nat-Order-Dipterocarpeae-Shorea-Robusta-Sans.html Sala, Asvakarna]</ref> It is also burned as [[incense]] in Hindu ceremonies, and sal seeds and fruit are a source of lamp oil and vegetable fat. |
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==Thư viện ảnh== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- trunk- strangulated by some ficus tree at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 119.jpg|Sal trunk constricted by a ficus tree at Jayanti |
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Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- old leaf at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 122.jpg|Old leaf at Jayanti |
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Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- flowering canopy W Picture 117.jpg|Flowering canopy at Jayanti |
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File:India, tre dee, salabhanjika, periodo hoysala 1150-1200 da Karnataka.JPG|''Salabhanjika'' or "sal tree maiden", [[Hoysala]] sculpture, [[Belur]], [[Karnataka]] |
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</gallery> |
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--> |
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==Xem thêm== |
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*[[Yakshini]] |
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*[[Vàng anh lá bé|Vô ưu]] |
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==Ghi chú== |
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{{reflist}} |
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* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Ashton|year=1998|id=32097|title=Shorea robusta|downloaded=12 May 2006}} |
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==Liên kết ngoài== |
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*[http://www.haryana-online.com/Flora/sal.htm Haryana Online: Sal] |
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[[Category:Shorea|robusta]] |
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[[bn:শাল (উদ্ভিদ)]] |
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[[de:Salbaum]] |
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[[en:Shorea robusta]] |
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[[eo:Fortika ŝoreo]] |
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[[fr:Sal (plante)]] |
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[[hi:साल]] |
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[[lt:Stambioji šorėja]] |
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[[ne:साल]] |
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[[nl:Salboom]] |
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[[ja:サラソウジュ]] |
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[[pl:Damarzyk mocny]] |
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[[ru:Сал (растение)]] |
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[[si:සල් (බුද්ධ චරිතය සබැඳි)]] |
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[[fi:Salpuu]] |
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[[sv:Salträd]] |
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[[ta:குங்கிலியம்]] |
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[[te:గుగ్గిలం కలప చెట్టు]] |
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[[zh:娑羅樹]] |
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Phiên bản lúc 17:01, ngày 12 tháng 7 năm 2012
| Sa la | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Tình trạng bảo tồn | |
| Phân loại khoa học | |
| Giới (regnum) | Plantae |
| (không phân hạng) | Angiospermae |
| (không phân hạng) | Eudicots |
| (không phân hạng) | Rosids |
| Bộ (ordo) | Malvales |
| Họ (familia) | Dipterocarpaceae |
| Chi (genus) | Shorea |
| Loài (species) | S. robusta |
| Danh pháp hai phần | |
| Shorea robusta Roth | |
| Danh pháp đồng nghĩa | |
Vatica robusta | |
Shorea robusta, còn gọi là cây sala, là một loài cây gỗ trong họ Dipterocarpaceae.
Xem thêm
Ghi chú
- Ashton (1998). Shorea robusta. Sách đỏ 2006. IUCN 2006. Truy cập 12 May 2006.