Linh hoạt tính dục

Linh hoạt tính dục là một hay nhiều thay đổi trong tính dục hay bản dạng tính dục (có lúc gọi là bản dạng xu hướng tính dục). Xu hướng tính dục của phần lớn mọi người thường ổn định và không thay đổi, nhưng có những nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng một số người có thể trải qua thay đổi trong xu hướng tính dục, điều này thường xuất hiện ở phụ nữ nhiều hơn ở đàn ông.^[1] Không có bằng chứng khoa học nào cho thấy xu hướng tính dục có thể được thay đổi thông qua liệu pháp tâm lý.^[2]^[3] Bản dạng tính dục có thể thay đổi trong suốt cuộc đời của một người, và có thể liên quan hoặc không liên quan với giới tính sinh học, hành vi tình dục hoặc xu hướng tình dục thực sự của họ.^[4]^[5]^[6]

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Tham khảo

^
- Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). “Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science”. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Seth J. Schwartz, Koen Luyckx, Vivian L. Vignoles (2011). Handbook of Identity Theory and Research. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 652. ISBN 978-1441979889. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 2 năm 2016. Modern scholarship examining the stability of sexual orientation also seems to support our conceptualizations of sexual orientation, sexual orientation identity, and sexual identity (e.g., Diamond, 2003a; Horowitz & Necomb, 2001; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Braun, 2006, see Savin-Williams, Chapter 28, this volume). Specifically, some dimensions of sexual identity, such as relationships, emotions, behaviors, values, group affiliation, and norms, appear to be relatively fluid; by contrast, sexual orientation [i.e., an individual's patterns of sexual, romantic, and affectional arousal and desire for other persons based on those persons' gender and sex characteristics (APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual orientation, 2009)] has been suggested to be stable for a majority of people across the lifespan (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981; Ellis & Ames, 1987; Haldeman, 1991; Money, 1987).Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)
- Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. tr. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 2 năm 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)
- American Psychological Association (2012). “Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients” (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (1): 10–42. doi:10.1037/a0024659. PMID 21875169. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 6 năm 2019. [S]ome research indicates that sexual orientation is fluid for some people; this may be especially true for women (e.g., Diamond, 2007; Golden, 1987; Peplau & Garnets, 2000). [...] Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as "sexual orientation change efforts" (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992).
- Eric Anderson, Mark McCormack (2016). “Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality”. The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 47. ISBN 978-3-319-29412-4. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 6 năm 2019. [R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as sexual fluidity. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people.Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)
^ American Psychological Association (2012). “Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients” (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (1): 10–42. doi:10.1037/a0024659. PMID 21875169. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 6 năm 2019. Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as "sexual orientation change efforts" (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992).
^ “Royal College of Psychiatrists' Position Statement on Sexual Orientation” (PDF). Royal College of Psychiatrists. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 6 năm 2019. Trường vô cùng tin tưởng vào các trị liệu được minh chứng. Không có một bằng chứng khoa học thuyết phục nào cho thấy xu hướng tính dục có thể bị thay đổi. Các đánh giá hệ thống thực hiện bởi cả APA và Serovich et al. cho thấy các nghiên cứu về sự thành công của trị liệu chuyển đổi đều mắc lỗi lớn về mặt phương pháp.
^ Sinclair, Karen, About Whoever: The Social Imprint on Identity and Orientation, NY, 2013 ISBN 9780981450513
^ Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. (2006). “Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time”. Journal of Sex Research. 43 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. PMC 3215279. PMID 16817067.
^ Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. (2003). “Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups”. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association. 30 (2): 110–113. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003. PMID 12567166.

[Change-1] 
Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). “Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science”. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.

Seth J. Schwartz, Koen Luyckx, Vivian L. Vignoles (2011). Handbook of Identity Theory and Research. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 652. ISBN 978-1441979889. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 2 năm 2016. Modern scholarship examining the stability of sexual orientation also seems to support our conceptualizations of sexual orientation, sexual orientation identity, and sexual identity (e.g., Diamond, 2003a; Horowitz & Necomb, 2001; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Braun, 2006, see Savin-Williams, Chapter 28, this volume). Specifically, some dimensions of sexual identity, such as relationships, emotions, behaviors, values, group affiliation, and norms, appear to be relatively fluid; by contrast, sexual orientation [i.e., an individual's patterns of sexual, romantic, and affectional arousal and desire for other persons based on those persons' gender and sex characteristics (APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual orientation, 2009)] has been suggested to be stable for a majority of people across the lifespan (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981; Ellis & Ames, 1987; Haldeman, 1991; Money, 1987).Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)

Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. tr. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 2 năm 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)

American Psychological Association (2012). “Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients” (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (1): 10–42. doi:10.1037/a0024659. PMID 21875169. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 6 năm 2019. [S]ome research indicates that sexual orientation is fluid for some people; this may be especially true for women (e.g., Diamond, 2007; Golden, 1987; Peplau & Garnets, 2000). [...] Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as "sexual orientation change efforts" (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992).

Eric Anderson, Mark McCormack (2016). “Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality”. The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 47. ISBN 978-3-319-29412-4. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 6 năm 2019. [R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as sexual fluidity. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people.Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)

[2] Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). “Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science”. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.

[3] Seth J. Schwartz, Koen Luyckx, Vivian L. Vignoles (2011). Handbook of Identity Theory and Research. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 652. ISBN 978-1441979889. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 2 năm 2016. Modern scholarship examining the stability of sexual orientation also seems to support our conceptualizations of sexual orientation, sexual orientation identity, and sexual identity (e.g., Diamond, 2003a; Horowitz & Necomb, 2001; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Braun, 2006, see Savin-Williams, Chapter 28, this volume). Specifically, some dimensions of sexual identity, such as relationships, emotions, behaviors, values, group affiliation, and norms, appear to be relatively fluid; by contrast, sexual orientation [i.e., an individual's patterns of sexual, romantic, and affectional arousal and desire for other persons based on those persons' gender and sex characteristics (APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual orientation, 2009)] has been suggested to be stable for a majority of people across the lifespan (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981; Ellis & Ames, 1987; Haldeman, 1991; Money, 1987).Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)

[4] Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. tr. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 2 năm 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)

[5] American Psychological Association (2012). “Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients” (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (1): 10–42. doi:10.1037/a0024659. PMID 21875169. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 6 năm 2019. [S]ome research indicates that sexual orientation is fluid for some people; this may be especially true for women (e.g., Diamond, 2007; Golden, 1987; Peplau & Garnets, 2000). [...] Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as "sexual orientation change efforts" (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992).

[6] Eric Anderson, Mark McCormack (2016). “Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality”. The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 47. ISBN 978-3-319-29412-4. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 6 năm 2019. [R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as sexual fluidity. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people.Quản lý CS1: sử dụng tham số tác giả (liên kết)

[APA2012-2] American Psychological Association (2012). “Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients” (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (1): 10–42. doi:10.1037/a0024659. PMID 21875169. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 6 năm 2019. Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as "sexual orientation change efforts" (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992).

[RCP-3] “Royal College of Psychiatrists' Position Statement on Sexual Orientation” (PDF). Royal College of Psychiatrists. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 6 năm 2019. Trường vô cùng tin tưởng vào các trị liệu được minh chứng. Không có một bằng chứng khoa học thuyết phục nào cho thấy xu hướng tính dục có thể bị thay đổi. Các đánh giá hệ thống thực hiện bởi cả APA và Serovich et al. cho thấy các nghiên cứu về sự thành công của trị liệu chuyển đổi đều mắc lỗi lớn về mặt phương pháp.

[Sinclair-4] Sinclair, Karen, About Whoever: The Social Imprint on Identity and Orientation, NY, 2013 ISBN 9780981450513

[Rosario_et_al.-5] Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. (2006). “Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time”. Journal of Sex Research. 43 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. PMC 3215279. PMID 16817067.

[Concordance/discordance_in_SO-6] Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. (2003). “Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups”. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association. 30 (2): 110–113. doi:10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003. PMID 12567166.

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