Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “MacOS”

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Sự nổi bật trong tên ban đầu của macOS chính là việc sử dụng [[số La Mã]] X ("ten") trong Mac OS X hay [[iPhone X]], đi kèm với đặt tên mã các phiên bản theo các loài [[mèo lớn]], hay đặt theo các thắng cảnh ở trong [[California]]. Apple rút ngắn tên hệ điều hành thành OS X vào 2011, rồi đặt lại tên thành macOS để đi liền với tên của các hệ điều hành khác của Apple, [[iOS]], [[IPadOS]], [[tvOS]], và [[watchOS]]. Sau 16 bản macOS 10 khác nhau, [[macOS Big Sur]] được đề là bản 11 vào 2020, tiếp tục lên đến bản hiện tại, macOS 13.
Sự nổi bật trong tên ban đầu của macOS chính là việc sử dụng [[số La Mã]] X ("ten") trong Mac OS X hay [[iPhone X]], đi kèm với đặt tên mã các phiên bản theo các loài [[mèo lớn]], hay đặt theo các thắng cảnh ở trong [[California]]. Apple rút ngắn tên hệ điều hành thành OS X vào 2011, rồi đặt lại tên thành macOS để đi liền với tên của các hệ điều hành khác của Apple, [[iOS]], [[IPadOS]], [[tvOS]], và [[watchOS]]. Sau 16 bản macOS 10 khác nhau, [[macOS Big Sur]] được đề là bản 11 vào 2020, tiếp tục lên đến bản hiện tại, macOS 13.


macOS đã hỗ trợ tới ba loại kiến trúc khác nhau của các bộ vi xử lý, bắt đầu từ [[PowerPC]] năm 1999. Vào năm 2006, Apple [[:en:Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors|chuyển sang bộ vi xử lý của Intel]], từ đó ra mắt loạt máy Mac dựa trên Intel. Năm 2020, Apple [[:en:Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon|chuyển tiếp sang Apple Silicon]], sử dụng bộ vi xử lý [[Apple M1|M1]] dựa trên [[:en:AArch64|ARM 64-bit]] được thiết kế bởi Apple trên các dòng máy Mac hiện tại..
macOS đã hỗ trợ tới ba loại kiến trúc khác nhau của các bộ vi xử lý, bắt đầu từ [[PowerPC]] năm 1999. Vào năm 2006, Apple [[:en:Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors|chuyển sang bộ vi xử lý của Intel]], từ đó ra mắt loạt máy Mac dựa trên Intel. Năm 2020, Apple [[:en:Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon|chuyển tiếp sang Apple Silicon]], sử dụng bộ vi xử lý [[Apple M1|M1]] dựa trên [[:en:AArch64|ARM 64-bit]] được thiết kế bởi Apple trên các dòng máy Mac hiện tại.

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== History ==

=== Development ===
{{Main|macOS version history}}The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at [[NeXT]], a company founded by [[Steve Jobs]] following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the [[Unix-like]] [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system was developed, before being launched in 1989. The [[Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] of NeXTSTEP is based upon the [[Mach (kernel)|Mach kernel]], which was originally developed at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], with additional kernel layers and low-level [[user space]] code derived from parts of [[BSD]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=NeXTstep Concepts|publisher=[[NeXT]]|chapter=1. System Overview|access-date=March 26, 2021|chapter-url=https://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Docs/NeXTStep/3.3/nd/Concepts/Pre3.0_Concepts/01_SysOver.htmld/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121155935/https://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Docs/NeXTStep/3.3/nd/Concepts/Pre3.0_Concepts/01_SysOver.htmld/index.html|archive-date=November 21, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[graphical user interface]] was built on top of an [[object-oriented]] [[GUI toolkit]] using the {{nowrap|[[Objective-C]]}} programming language.

Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its [[classic Mac OS]] through the [[Taligent]], [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]] and [[Gershwin operating system|Gershwin]] projects, but all were eventually abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theapplemuseum.com/index.php?id=44|title=Apple Facts|publisher=The Apple Museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221134115/https://www.theapplemuseum.com/index.php?id=44|archive-date=December 21, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=December 15, 2008|quote=a joint venture with IBM, called Taligent, but was discontinued soon thereafter|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This led Apple to acquire [[NeXT]] in 1997, allowing NeXTSTEP, later called [[OpenStep|OPENSTEP]], to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Markoff|first=John|date=December 23, 1996|title=Why Apple Sees Next as a Match Made in Heaven|page=D1|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E1D71331F930A15751C1A960958260|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531063010/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E1D71331F930A15751C1A960958260|archive-date=May 31, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. The project was first code named "[[Rhapsody (operating system)|Rhapsody]]" and then officially named Mac OS X.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business.highbeam.com/411267/article-1G1-20334085/rhapsody-suffers-identity-crisis|title=Rhapsody suffers an identity crisis|last=Fawcett|first=Neil|date=February 12, 1998|website=[[Computer Weekly]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502033350/https://business.highbeam.com/411267/article-1G1-20334085/rhapsody-suffers-identity-crisis|archive-date=May 2, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=April 19, 2012|df=mdy-all}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="Rhapsody and Blues">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/staff/2008/04/rhapsody-and-blues|title=Rhapsody and Blues|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=April 3, 2008|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104224017/https://arstechnica.com/staff/2008/04/rhapsody-and-blues|archive-date=November 4, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Mac OS X ===
Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]] computers until 2020. The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a [[Roman numerals|Roman numeral]], and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X".<ref name="ArsTec 2006.03">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2006/03/osx-fiveyears.ars|title=Five years of Mac OS X|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=March 24, 2006|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625184020/https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2006/03/osx-fiveyears.ars|archive-date=June 25, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2009|quote=Even Steve Jobs still says "ecks" instead of "ten" sometimes.|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="BBC OSX name">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00z8dnj/Click_26_02_2011|title=Click – BBC TV programme|date=February 26, 2011|last=Kelly|first=Spencer|publisher=[[BBC]]|at=00:12:45|access-date=March 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318005840/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00z8dnj/Click_26_02_2011|archive-date=March 18, 2011|url-status=live|quote=Of course X ("ex") does mean 10, but anyone who used to poke around on Unix systems will know that in those days anything Unix had an X ("ex") in it, and OS Ten is written OS X ("ex") in honour of the fact that it is based on UNIX, unlike its predecessors. So, hey, you can say it any way you want; me, I'm showing my age and sticking with X (''ex'').|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the [[classic Mac OS]]) were named using [[Arabic numerals]], as with [[Mac OS 8]] and [[Mac OS 9]].<ref name="ten_not_x2">{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541|title=What is an operating system (OS)?|date=July 15, 2004|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226055954/https://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541|archive-date=February 26, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=December 20, 2006|quote=The current version of Mac OS is Mac OS X (pronounced "Mac O-S ten").|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="ArsTec 2006.03" /> Until [[MacOS Big Sur|macOS 11 Big Sur]], all versions of the operating system were given version numbers of the form 10.''x'', with ''x'' going from 0 to 15; with [[MacOS Big Sur|macOS 11 Big Sur]], Apple switched to numbering major releases with numbers that increase by 1 with every major release.

The first version of Mac OS X, [[Mac OS X Server 1.0]], was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the [[classic Mac OS]], though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more [[backward compatibility]]. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the [[Carbon (API)|Carbon API]]; many could also be run directly through the [[List of macOS components#Classic|Classic Environment]] with a reduction in performance.

The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with [[Mac OS X 10.0]]. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua interface]], but criticizing it for sluggish performance.<ref name="Siracusa decade of Mac OS X reviews">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/05/mac-os-x-revisited/2|title=Here's to the crazy ones: a decade of Mac OS X reviews|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=May 13, 2011|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074957/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/05/mac-os-x-revisited/2|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=November 30, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> With Apple's popularity at a low, the maker of [[FrameMaker]], [[Adobe Inc.]], declined to develop new versions of it for Mac OS X.<ref name="Adobe discontinues FrameMaker for Macintosh">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1030037/framemaker.html|title=Adobe discontinues FrameMaker for Macintosh|last=Dalrymple|first=Jim|date=March 23, 2004|website=[[Macworld]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120913/https://www.macworld.com/article/1030037/framemaker.html|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ''[[Ars Technica]]'' columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as "dog-slow, feature poor" and Aqua as "unbearably slow and a huge resource hog".<ref name="Siracusa decade of Mac OS X reviews" /><ref name="Lion review Siracusa">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7|title=Lion review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=July 20, 2011|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214144440/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7|archive-date=December 14, 2015|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Jon Rubinstein sends message to HP staff; Addresses TouchPad reviews">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webosnation.com/jon-rubenstein-sends-message-hp-staff-addresses-touchpad-reviews|title=Jon Rubinstein sends message to HP staff; Addresses TouchPad reviews|last=Rubenstein|first=John|date=July 1, 2011|website=WebOS Nation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123726/https://www.webosnation.com/jon-rubenstein-sends-message-hp-staff-addresses-touchpad-reviews|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=November 30, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/APIWar.html|title=How Microsoft Lost the API War|last=Spolsky|first=Joel|date=June 13, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426050037/https://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/APIWar.html|archive-date=April 26, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2009|quote=The developers of the Macintosh OS at Apple have always been in this camp [i.e. not trying to be backwards compatible no matter what]. It's why so few applications from the early days of the Macintosh still work...|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Siracusa's review of version 10.3, [[Mac OS X Panther|Panther]], noted "It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and [[vaporware]] to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases."<ref name="OS X Panther review Siracusa">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2003/11/macosx-10-3|title=OS X Panther review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=November 9, 2003|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126155239/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2003/11/macosx-10-3|archive-date=November 26, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Version 10.4, [[Mac OS X Tiger|Tiger]], reportedly shocked executives at [[Microsoft]] by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent [[Development of Windows Vista|several years struggling]] to add to [[Windows]] with acceptable performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Gregg Keizer|date=January 29, 2007|title=Microsoft's Vista Had Major Mac Envy, Company E-Mails Reveal|url=https://www.informationweek.com/microsofts-vista-had-major-mac-envy-company-e-mails-reveal/d/d-id/1051287|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711175300/https://www.informationweek.com/microsofts-vista-had-major-mac-envy-company-e-mails-reveal/d/d-id/1051287|archive-date=July 11, 2021|access-date=July 10, 2021|magazine=Information Week|url-status=live}}</ref>

As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the [[classic Mac OS]], with applications being added and removed.<ref name="Orlowski Jaguar review">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/08/27/the_jagwyre_review|title=The Jagwyre Review|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Orlowski|website=The Register|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045015/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/08/27/the_jagwyre_review|archive-date=September 20, 2017|url-status=live|access-date=19 September 2017|quote=Using Mac OS X is like touring a land of fabulous ancient treasures – with a tourist authority that's still busy renovating them, and that hasn't quite completed the infrastructure. The sights can be breathtaking, but the roads are potholed and incomplete, and sometimes you have to get out and push. There are a few magnificent modern additions – Rendezvous, AppleScript Studio, for example – but in places the modern Apple archaeologists seem to have forgotten their ancestors techniques, and have resorted to inferior contemporary methods such as the Windows bodge of using three letter extensions for identifying the file type.|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the [[iPod]] music player and music software for the Mac, including [[iTunes]] and [[GarageBand]].<ref name="Apple and the Oak Tree">{{Cite web|url=https://stratechery.com/2017/apple-and-the-oak-tree|title=Apple and the Oak Tree|last=Thompson|first=Ben|date=August 2, 2017|website=Stratechery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045301/https://stratechery.com/2017/apple-and-the-oak-tree|archive-date=September 20, 2017|url-status=live|access-date=19 September 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the [[iLife]] suite, integrated home entertainment through the [[Front Row (software)|Front Row]] media center and the [[Safari (browser)|Safari]] web browser. With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the .Mac, [[MobileMe]] and most recently [[iCloud]] products. It later began selling third-party applications through the [[Mac App Store]].

Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a [[Brushed Metal (interface)|brushed metal]] appearance, or non-pinstriped title bar appearance in version 10.4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.builderau.com.au/news/soa/Mac-OS-X-10-3-Panther/0,339028227,320280883,00.htm|title=Mac OS X 10.3 Panther|last=Rizzo|first=John|date=November 12, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208235440/https://www.builderau.com.au/news/soa/Mac-OS-X-10-3-Panther/0,339028227,320280883,00.htm|archive-date=December 8, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2009|quote=Once you reboot, you'll notice that Apple has abandoned the light and airy Aqua interface for the darker, heavier brushed-metal look of iTunes.|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://helpdesk.wisc.edu/page.php?id=6609|title=Mac OS X (10.5)&nbsp;– User Interface Changes|last=W.|first=Jeff|date=May 27, 2008|publisher=University of Wisconsin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720114352/https://helpdesk.wisc.edu/page.php?id=6609|archive-date=July 20, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="OS X Leopard review Siracusa">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2007/10/mac-os-x-10-5|title=OS X Leopard review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=October 29, 2007|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125191152/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2007/10/mac-os-x-10-5|archive-date=November 25, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2006, the first [[Intel]] Macs released used a specialized version of [[Mac OS X Tiger|Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204319|title=Mac OS X versions (builds) for computers – Apple Support|website=support.apple.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514151331/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204319|archive-date=May 14, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=May 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the [[iPhone]] from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous [[IPod classic|iPod]] media players used a [[Embedded operating system|minimal]] operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS" and then [[iOS]]. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard]].<ref name="Apple announces Leopard delays due to the iPhone">{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/04/12/apple-announces-leopard-delays-due-to-the-iphone|title=Apple announces Leopard delays due to the iPhone|last=Chartier|first=David|website=Engadget|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125414/https://www.engadget.com/2007/04/12/apple-announces-leopard-delays-due-to-the-iphone|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.<ref name="WWDC 2009 Wrap-Up">{{Cite web|url=https://daringfireball.net/2009/06/wwdc09_wrapup|title=WWDC 2009 Wrap-Up|last=Gruber|first=John|website=Daring Fireball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208045529/https://daringfireball.net/2009/06/wwdc09_wrapup|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard]] was the sole release with [[universal binary]] components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select [[PowerPC]] Macs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/10/16Apple-to-Ship-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-on-October-26|title=Apple – Press Info – Apple to Ship Mac OS X Leopard on October 26|website=www.apple.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128030037/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/10/16Apple-to-Ship-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-on-October-26|archive-date=January 28, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=January 2, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard]] was the first version of Mac OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.apple.com/us/product/MC573Z/A/mac-os-x-106-snow-leopard|title=Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard|website=Apple Store (U.S.)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525072701/https://store.apple.com/us/product/MC573Z/A/mac-os-x-106-snow-leopard|archive-date=May 25, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=May 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features' release.<ref name="Snow Leopard—an OS without new features">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1133949/snowleopard.html|title=Apple's Snow Leopard—an OS without new features|last=Turner|first=Dan|website=Macworld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109063859/https://www.macworld.com/article/1133949/snowleopard.html|archive-date=January 9, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely [[OS X Mountain Lion]], [[OS X El Capitan]], [[macOS High Sierra]], and [[macOS Monterey]]) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the '[[tick–tock model]]' used by Intel.

In two succeeding versions, [[OS X Lion|Lion]] and [[OS X Mountain Lion|Mountain Lion]], Apple moved some applications to a highly [[Skeuomorph#Use in Apple products|skeuomorphic]] style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.<ref name="Lion review Siracusa" /> This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the [[Time Machine (OS X)|Time Machine]] [[Backup software|backup]] utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent [[Dock (OS X)|dock]] of [[OS X Leopard|Leopard]] and [[OS X Snow Leopard|Snow Leopard]].<ref name="Apple's History of Skeuomorphism">{{Cite web|url=https://eggfreckles.net/2012/07/24/apples-history-of-skeuomorphism|title=Apple's History of Skeuomorphism|last=Brand|first=Thomas|date=July 24, 2012|website=Egg Freckles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803195613/https://eggfreckles.net/2012/07/24/apples-history-of-skeuomorphism/|archive-date=August 3, 2020|url-status=dead|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref> In addition, with [[Mac OS X Lion|Mac OS X 10.7 Lion]], Apple ceased to release separate [[OS X Server|server]] versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones."<ref name="Guide to OS X Server">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/the-server-simplified-a-power-users-guide-to-os-x-server|title=Server, simplified: A power user's guide to OS X Server|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=July 29, 2012|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042819/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/the-server-simplified-a-power-users-guide-to-os-x-server|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>


==Lịch sử==
===Sự phát triển===
Tiền đề cho hệ điệu hành mà sau này là macOS, khởi nguồn từ [[:en:NeXT|NeXT]], một công ty được thành lập bởi [[Steve Jobs]] sau khi ông rời khỏi Apple năm 1985. Từ đó, hệ điệu hành [[NeXTSTEP]] được phát triển, trước khi được ra mắt năm 1989. [[Kernel]] của hệ điều hành này hoạt động dựa trên [[Mach kernel]],
===OS X===
===OS X===
[[Tập_tin:The_OS_X_Logo.svg|nhỏ|200x200px|OS X logo from 2011 to 2013]]
Cuối cùng, NeXT'OS, sau đó được gọi là OPENSTEP, đã được lựa chọn là cơ sở tiếp theo của Apple OS, và của Apple mua NeXT hoàn toàn. Steve Jobs trở lại Apple như Giám đốc điều hành tạm thời, và sau đó trở thành Giám đốc điều hành, dẫn dắt các chuyển đổi của hệ thống- OPENSTEP thân thiện thành một hệ thống có thể được thông qua bởi thị trường sơ cấp của người dùng gia đình và các chuyên gia sáng tạo của Apple. Dự án lần đầu tiên được biết đến như Rhapsody và sau đó được đổi tên thành Mac OS X.
In 2012, with the release of [[OS X Mountain Lion|OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion]], the name of the system was officially shortened from Mac OS X to OS X, after the [[OS X Lion|previous version]] shortened the system name in a similar fashion a year prior. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, [[Scott Forstall]], and design was changed towards a more minimal direction.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|date=2012-10-30|title=Apple's Tim Cook shows ruthless streak in firing maps and retail executives &#124; Technology &#124; guardian.co.uk|work=Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/oct/30/apple-tim-cook-ruthless-streak|url-status=live|access-date=2012-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024152617/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/oct/30/apple-tim-cook-ruthless-streak|archive-date=October 24, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with [[iOS 7]] in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, [[OS X Mavericks|OS X 10.9 Mavericks]], was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged.<ref name="Siracusa OS X Mavericks review">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2013/10/os-x-10-9|title=OS X Mavericks review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=October 22, 2013|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122114828/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2013/10/os-x-10-9|archive-date=November 22, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The next version, [[OS X Yosemite|OS X 10.10 Yosemite]], adopted a design similar to [[iOS 7]] but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse.<ref name="OS X Yosemite review">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/10/os-x-10-10|title=OS X Yosemite review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=October 16, 2014|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124200435/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/10/os-x-10-10|archive-date=November 24, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Mac OS X Server 1.x, không tương thích với các phần mềm thiết kế cho hệ điều hành Mac OS và không có hỗ trợ cho Apple IEEE giao diện (FireWire) 1394. Mac OS X 10.x bao gồm khả năng tương thích ngược thông qua chức năng cổ điển và nhiều hơn nữa bằng cách giới thiệu các API Carbon cũng như hỗ trợ FireWire. Như hệ điều hành được phát triển, nó di chuyển từ hệ điều hành Mac cổ điển để nhấn mạnh một "phong cách kỹ thuật số" với các ứng dụng như bộ phần mềm iLife, iWork, FrontRow. Mỗi phiên bản cũng bao gồm sửa đổi giao diện, chẳng hạn như sự xuất hiện kim loại chải được thêm vào trong phiên bản 10,3, không sọc nhỏ trên thanh tiêu đề xuất hiện trong phiên bản 10,4, và trong 10,5 việc loại bỏ các phong cách kim loại chải trước đó ủng hộ của Thống Nhất "Gradient cửa sổ phong cách".
From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of [[iOS]]. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards.<ref name="Mountain Lion Gruber Schiller">{{Cite web|url=https://daringfireball.net/2012/02/mountain_lion|title=Mountain Lion|last=Gruber|first=John|website=Daring Fireball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131321/https://daringfireball.net/2012/02/mountain_lion|archive-date=August 11, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features.<ref name="Apple has lost the functional high ground">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marco.org/2015/01/04/apple-lost-functional-high-ground|title=Apple has lost the functional high ground|last=Arment|first=Marco|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031132657/https://marco.org/2015/01/04/apple-lost-functional-high-ground|archive-date=October 31, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> Apple's 2015 update, [[OS X El Capitan|OS X 10.11 El Capitan]], was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hattersley|first=Lucy|title=Mac OS X El Capitan review: The best (and worst) new features|language=en-GB|work=Macworld UK|url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/review/mac-software/mac-os-x-el-capitan-mac-review-3613524|url-status=live|access-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511161056/https://www.macworld.co.uk/review/mac-software/mac-os-x-el-capitan-mac-review-3613524|archive-date=May 11, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>


Trong năm 2012, với việc phát hành OS X Lion, tiền tố "Mac" đã chính thức được giảm trong tất cả các tài liệu tham khảo với tên hệ điều hành trong các tài liệu tiếp thị và với OS X Mountain Lion "Mac" đã bị bỏ trong tất cả các tài liệu tham khảo trong hệ điều hành riêng của mình. Tuy nhiên, các trang web và các tài liệu tiếp thị khác của Apple vẫn tiếp tục sử dụng cả hai "Mac OS X" và "OS X".
===macOS===
===macOS===
[[Tập_tin:MacOS_logo.svg|nhỏ|200x200px|macOS logo]]
Năm 2016, cùng với việc phát hành macOS 10.12 Sierra, tên hệ điều hành đã được đổi từ OS X thành [[Mac OS|macOS]] để hợp lý hóa nó với thương hiệu của các hệ điều hành chính khác của Apple: iOS, watchOS và tvOS. Các tính năng chính của macOS 10.12 Sierra là việc giới thiệu Siri cho macOS, Lưu trữ được tối ưu hóa, cải tiến các ứng dụng đi kèm và tích hợp nhiều hơn với iPhone và Apple Watch của Apple. Hệ thống tệp của Apple (APFS) đã được công bố tại Hội nghị các nhà phát triển toàn cầu của Apple năm 2016 như là một sự thay thế cho HFS +, một hệ thống tệp bị chỉ trích cao.
In 2016, with the release of [[MacOS Sierra|macOS 10.12 Sierra]], the name was changed from OS X to macOS to align it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems, [[iOS]], [[watchOS]], and [[tvOS]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 13, 2016|title=Apple just renamed one of its oldest and most important products|work=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/wwdc-2016-os-x-becomes-macos-2016-6|url-status=live|access-date=November 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191151/https://www.businessinsider.com/wwdc-2016-os-x-becomes-macos-2016-6|archive-date=November 11, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> macOS Sierra added [[Siri]], [[iCloud Drive]], picture-in-picture support, a Night Shift mode that switches the display to warmer colors at night, and two Continuity features: Universal Clipboard, which syncs a user's clipboard across their Apple devices, and Auto Unlock, which can unlock a user's Mac with their Apple Watch. macOS Sierra also adds support for the [[Apple File System]] (APFS), Apple's successor to the dated [[HFS+]] file system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.7 Lion: the Ars Technica review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=2011-07-20|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504111431/http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7.ars|archive-date=May 4, 2012|url-status=live|access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cio.com/article/251059/linus-torvalds-apples-hfs-is-probably-the-worst-file-system-ever.html|title=Linus Torvalds: Apple's HFS+ is probably the worst file system ever|last=Bhartiya|first=Swapnil|date=January 13, 2015|website=CIO|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003072913/https://www.cio.com/article/251059/linus-torvalds-apples-hfs-is-probably-the-worst-file-system-ever.html|archive-date=October 3, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eclecticlight.co/2022/05/16/should-you-continue-using-hfs/|title=Should you continue using HFS+?|last=Oakley|first=Howard|date=May 16, 2022|website=The Eclectic Light Company|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619063617/https://eclecticlight.co/2022/05/16/should-you-continue-using-hfs/|archive-date=June 19, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref> [[MacOS High Sierra|macOS 10.13 High Sierra]], released in 2017, included performance improvements, [[Metal (API)|Metal 2]] and [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]] support, and made APFS the default file system for [[Solid-state drive|SSD]] boot drives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macinchem.org/blog/files/960e8891940dfc087f89f0b0aa42af9b-2167.php|title=APFS in macOS High Sierra|last=Swain|first=Chris|website=Macs in Chemistry|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026093900/https://www.macinchem.org/blog/files/960e8891940dfc087f89f0b0aa42af9b-2167.php|archive-date=October 26, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref>


Its successor, [[MacOS Mojave|macOS 10.14 Mojave]], was released in 2018, adding a dark user interface option and a [[Wallpaper (computing)#macOS|dynamic wallpaper setting]].<ref name="macrumors-mojave">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2018/09/24/apple-releases-macos-mojave|title=Apple Releases macOS Mojave With Dark Mode, Stacks, Dynamic Desktop and More|last=Juli Clover|date=September 24, 2018|website=[[MacRumors]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921235211/https://www.macrumors.com/2018/09/24/apple-releases-macos-mojave/|archive-date=September 21, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=September 24, 2018}}</ref> It was succeeded by [[MacOS Catalina|macOS 10.15 Catalina]] in 2019, which replaces [[iTunes]] with separate apps for different types of media, and introduces the Catalyst system for porting iOS apps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/10/macos-10-15-catalina-the-ars-technica-review|title=macOS 10.15 Catalina: The Ars Technica review|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=2019-10-07|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922032420/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/10/macos-10-15-catalina-the-ars-technica-review/|archive-date=September 22, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>
Apple đã giới thiệu macOS 10.13 High Sierra tại [[Hội nghị các nhà phát triển toàn cầu Apple|Hội nghị các nhà phát triển toàn cầu]] 2017, trước khi phát hành vào cuối năm. Khi chạy trên các ổ đĩa trạng thái rắn, nó sử dụng APFS, thay vì HFS +. Người kế nhiệm của nó, macOS 10.14 Mojave, đã được phát hành vào năm 2018, thêm tùy chọn giao diện tối (Dark Mode) cho người dùng và hình nền động.


In 2020, Apple previewed [[MacOS Big Sur|macOS 11 Big Sur]] at the WWDC 2020. This was the first increment in the primary version number of macOS since the release of [[Mac OS X Public Beta]] in 2000; updates to macOS 11 were given 11.x numbers, matching the version numbering scheme used by Apple's other operating systems. Big Sur brought major changes to the UI and was the first version to run on the ARM instruction set.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-big-sur-heres-what-makes-new-macos-biggest-update-to-design-in-over-a-decade|title=Apple Big Sur: Here's what makes new macOS 'biggest update to design in over a decade'|last=Tung|first=Liam|date=2020-06-23|website=ZDNet|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405090919/https://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-big-sur-heres-what-makes-new-macos-biggest-update-to-design-in-over-a-decade/|archive-date=April 5, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-23}}</ref> The new numbering system was continued in 2021 with [[MacOS Monterey|macOS 12 Monterey]], 2022 with [[MacOS Ventura|macOS 13 Ventura]], and 2023 with [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 14 Sonoma]].
Phiên bản tiếp theo của macOS với tên gọi Catalina (10.15) phát hành năm 2019 với nhiều thay đổi, nâng cấp.<ref>{{chú thích web|tiêu đề= macOS Catalina's all features|url=https://www.apple.com/macos/catalina/features/|language= tiếng Anh|access-date =10 tháng 11 năm 2019}}</ref> Một trong số đó là:
*iTunes được tách ra thành 3 ứng dụng riêng là TV có hỗ trợ dịch vụ thuê bao Apple TV+, Podcast và Âm nhạc (Music)
*Các ứng dụng Ảnh (Photos), Lời nhắc (Reminders), Ghi chú (Notes), trình duyệt Safari, Mail,... được bổ sung nhiều tuỳ chọn mới.
*Tuỳ chọn hệ thống (Preferences): đưa thông tin tài khoản iCloud lên đầu, bổ sung tính năng theo dõi thời gian hoạt động, nâng cấp tuỳ chọn trợ năng,...
*Bổ sung ứng dụng Tìm (Find My) để kiểm soát vị trí các thiết bị thông minh di động trong hệ sinh thái Apple như [[Apple Watch]], [[Apple MacBook]], [[Apple iPhone]].


== Features ==
macOS 11.0 với tên gọi Big Sur là phiên bản mới nhất của hệ điều hành này, được Apple giới thiệu trong hội nghị [[Hội nghị các nhà phát triển toàn cầu Apple|WWDC]] vào ngày 23/6/2020.<ref>{{chú thích web|tiêu đề = Apple ra mắt macOS Big Sur với giao diện mới|url = https://zingnews.vn/apple-ra-mat-macos-big-sur-voi-giao-dien-moi-post1098748.html|ngôn ngữ = vi|access-date = 19 tháng 10 năm 2020}}</ref> Phiên bản mới này có nhiều thay đổi như bổ sung trung tâm cài đặt giống như trên iPhoneOS và iPadOS; giao diện trung tâm thông báo mới; cho phép tùy chỉnh trình duyệt mặc định của macOS Safari; bộ công cụ mở rộng cho Safari trong Appstore; các tính năng thông minh hơn cho ứng dụng bản đồ, ảnh, tin nhắn, vân vân. Hiện phiên bản hệ điều hành này vẫn đang trong giai đoạn beta dành cho nhà phát triển, dự kiến sẽ được Apple cập nhật cho các máy Mac của hãng vào mùa thu năm 2020.


== Các phiên bản Mac OS X ==
=== Aqua user interface ===
One of the major differences between the [[classic Mac OS]] and the current macOS was the addition of [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]], a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or [[Widget (computing)|widget]] is drawn on-screen using [[spatial anti-aliasing]] technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/UserExperience/Conceptual/AppleHIGuidelines/XHIGPartIII/chapter_11_section_1.html|title=The Aqua Interface|date=June 9, 2008|website=Apple Human Interface Guidelines|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209044209/https://developer.apple.com/documentation/UserExperience/Conceptual/AppleHIGuidelines/XHIGPartIII/chapter_11_section_1.html|archive-date=December 9, 2008|access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref> [[ColorSync]], a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for [[printing]] and [[multimedia]] professionals.<ref name="davidson">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/learningcocoawit0000davi/page/6|title=Learning Cocoa With Objective-C|last=Davidson|first=James Duncan|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2002|isbn=0-596-00301-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/learningcocoawit0000davi/page/6 6]}}</ref> Also, [[Drop shadow|drop shadows]] were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets ([[Dialog box|dialog boxes]] attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options.


The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first [[IMac|iMacs]], brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what [[Mac OS 9]] and [[Mac OS X Server 1.0]]'s "[[Platinum (theme)|Platinum]]" appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/mac-os-x-10-5.ars/3|title=Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: the Ars Technica review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=October 28, 2007|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216092420/https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/mac-os-x-10-5.ars/3|archive-date=December 16, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Bruce Tognazzini]] (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in [[Mac OS X 10.0]] represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asktog.com/columns/034OSX-FirstLook.html|title=OS X: A First Look|last=Tognazzini|first=Bruce|date=February 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927085032/https://www.asktog.com/columns/034OSX-FirstLook.html|archive-date=September 27, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=November 5, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpt.net.nz/archive/2004/02/16/os-x|title=My first 48 hours enduring Mac OS X|last=Thomas|first=Matthew Paul|date=February 16, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014095216/https://mpt.net.nz/archive/2004/02/16/os-x|archive-date=October 14, 2008|access-date=November 5, 2008}}</ref> Third-party developers started producing [[Skin (computing)|skins]] for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening [[legal action]] against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its [[Copyright|copyrighted]] design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-lowers-boom-on-aqua-skins/|title=Apple lowers boom on Aqua 'skins'|date=February 2, 2001|website=[[ZDNet]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111105314/https://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-lowers-boom-on-aqua-skins/|archive-date=January 11, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2023}}</ref>
* '''[[Mac OS X Public Beta|Public Beta]]''' Kodiak, Build 1H39
* '''[[Mac OS X 10.0|10.0]]''' [[Báo săn|Cheetah]], Build 4K78
**'''10.0.1''' Build 4L13
** '''10.0.2''' Build 4P12
** '''10.0.3''' Build 4P13
** '''10.0.4''' Build 4Q12
* '''[[Mac OS X 10.1|10.1]]''' Puma, Build 5G64
** '''10.1.1''' Build 5M28
** '''10.1.2''' Build 5P48
** '''10.1.3''' Build 5Q45
** '''10.1.4''' Build 5Q125
** '''10.1.5''' Build 5S60
* '''[[Mac OS X 10.2|10.2]]''' [[Báo đốm|Jaguar]], Build 6C115
**'''10.2.1''' Jaguar Red, Build 6D52
** '''10.2.2''' Jaguar Blue, Merlot, Build 6F21
** '''10.2.3''' Jaguar Green, Build6G30
** '''10.2.4''' Jaguar Pink, Build 6I32
** '''10.2.5''' Jaguar Plaid, Build 6L29
** '''10.2.6''' Jaguar Black, Build 6L60
** '''10.2.7''' Build 6R65
** '''10.2.8''' (G4) Build 6R73
** '''10.2.8''' (G5) Build 6S90
* '''[[Mac OS X 10.3|10.3]]''' Panther, Build 7B85
** '''10.3.1''' Build 7C107
** '''10.3.2''' Build 7D24
** '''10.3.3''' Build 7F44
** '''10.3.4''' Build 7H63
** '''10.3.5''' Build 7M34
** '''10.3.6''' Build 7R28
** '''10.3.7''' Build 7S215
** '''10.3.8''' Build 7U16
** '''10.3.9''' Build 7W98
* '''[[Mac OS X 10.4|10.4]]''' [[Hổ|Tiger]], Build 8A428
**'''10.4.1''' Build 8B15
** '''10.4.2''' Build 8C46
** '''10.4.3''' Build 8F46
** '''10.4.4''' Build 8G32
** '''10.4.5''' (PowerPC) Build 8H14
** '''10.4.5''' (Intel) Build 8G1454
** '''10.4.6''' (PowerPC) Build 8I1119
** '''10.4.6''' (Intel) Build 7U16
** '''10.4.7''' (PowerPC) Build 8J135
** '''10.4.7''' (Intel) Build 8J2135
** '''10.4.8''' (PowerPC) Build 8L127
** '''10.4.8''' (Intel) Build 8L2127
** '''10.4.9''' (PowerPC) Build 8P135
** '''10.4.9''' (Intel) Build 8P2137
** '''10.4.10''' (PowerPC) Build 8R218
** '''10.4.10''' (Intel) Build 8R2218
** '''10.4.11''' (PowerPC) Build 8S165
** '''10.4.11''' (Intel) Build 8S2167
* '''[[Mac OS X 10.5|10.5]]''' [[Báo hoa mai|Leopard]], Build 9A581
**'''10.5.1''' Build 9B18
** '''10.5.2''' Build 9С31
** '''10.5.3''' Build 9D34
** '''10.5.4''' Build 9E17
** '''10.5.5''' Build 9F33
** '''10.5.6''' Build 9G55
** '''10.5.7''' Build 9J61
** '''10.5.8''' Build 9L30
* '''[[Mac OS X 10.6|10.6]]''' [[Báo tuyết|Snow Leopard]], Build 10A432
**'''10.6.1''' Build 10B504
** '''10.6.2''' Build 10C540
** '''10.6.3''' Build 10D573
** '''10.6.4''' Build 10F569
** '''10.6.5''' Build 10H548
** '''10.6.6''' Build 10J567
** '''10.6.7''' Build 10J869
** '''10.6.8''' Build 10K540
* '''[[Mac OS X 10.7|10.7]]''' [[Sư tử|Lion]], Build 11A511
**'''10.7.1''' Build 11B211
** '''10.7.2''' Build 11C74
** '''10.7.3''' Build 11D50
** '''10.7.4''' Build 11E53
** '''10.7.5''' Build 11G56
* '''[[OS X 10.8|10.8]]''' Mountain Lion, Build 12A269
** '''10.8.1''' Build 12B19
** '''10.8.2''' Build 12C54
** '''10.8.2''' Build 12C60
** '''10.8.3''' Build 12D78
* '''[[OS X Mavericks|10.9]]''' Mavericks, Build 13A603
** '''10.9.1''' Build 13B42
** '''10.9.2''' Build 13C64
** '''10.9.3''' Build 13D65
** '''10.9.4''' Build 13E28
** '''10.9.5''' Build 13F34
* '''[[OS X Yosemite|10.10]]''' [[Vườn quốc gia Yosemite|Yosemite]], Build 14A389
**'''10.10.1''' Build 14B25
** '''10.10.2''' Build 14C109
** '''10.10.3''' Build 14D136
** '''10.10.4''' Build 14E46
** '''10.10.5''' Build 14F27
* '''[[OS X El Capitan|10.11]]''' [[El Capitan|Capitan]], Build 15A284
**'''10.11.1''' Build 15B42
** '''10.11.2''' Build 15C50
** '''10.11.3''' Build 15D21
** '''10.11.4''' Build 15E65
** '''10.11.5''' Build 15F34
** '''10.11.6''' Build 15G31, 15G17023, 15G18013 hay 15G19009


Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution [[Retina display|Retina displays]], and macOS and its [[Application programming interface|APIs]] have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2098586/how-to-make-the-windows-desktop-look-good-on-high-dpi-displays.html|title=How to make the Windows desktop look good on high-DPI displays|last=Castle|first=Alex|date=February 19, 2014|website=PC World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814125238/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2098586/how-to-make-the-windows-desktop-look-good-on-high-dpi-displays.html|archive-date=August 14, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/04/using-the-retina-macbook-as-a-windows-pc|title=Using the Retina MacBook as a Windows PC|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=April 13, 2015|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709032324/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/04/using-the-retina-macbook-as-a-windows-pc|archive-date=July 9, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=9 July 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/10/the-retina-imac-and-its-5k-display-as-a-gaming-machine/2|title=The Retina iMac and its 5K display… as a gaming machine? [Updated]|last=Hutchinson|first=Lee|date=October 28, 2014|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710182330/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/10/the-retina-imac-and-its-5k-display-as-a-gaming-machine/2|archive-date=July 10, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=9 July 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
=== Các phiên bản Mac OS X Server ===


The [[human interface guidelines]] published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/programmingmacos00omal_882|title=Programming Mac OS X: A Guide for Unix Developers|last=O'Malley|first=Kevin|publisher=Manning|year=2003|isbn=1-930110-85-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/programmingmacos00omal_882/page/n33 7]|url-access=limited}}</ref> In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system [[OpenGL]] composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called [[Quartz Compositor|Quartz Extreme]], a component of [[Quartz (graphics layer)|Quartz]]. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the [[Portable Document Format]] (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices.<ref name="davidson" /> As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/what-is-macosx|title=Mac OS X. It's what makes a Mac a Mac.|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222230151/https://www.apple.com/macosx/what-is-macosx|archive-date=February 22, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=March 2, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs.<ref name="Making the ultimate creative content OS from bits of Windows, Mac, and Linux">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/09/making-the-ultimate-creative-content-os-ubercreate-os-1-0|title=Making the ultimate creative content OS from bits of Windows, Mac, and Linux|last=Girard|first=Dave|date=September 9, 2013|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819081828/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/09/making-the-ultimate-creative-content-os-ubercreate-os-1-0|archive-date=August 19, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[Mac OS X Server 1.0|1.0]]
* [[Mac OS X Server 10.0|10.0]]
* [[Mac OS X Server 10.1|10.1]]
* [[Mac OS X Server 10.2|10.2]]
* [[Mac OS X Server 10.3|10.3]]
* [[Mac OS X Server 10.4|10.4]]
* [[Mac OS X Server 10.5|10.5]]
* [[Mac OS X Server 10.6|10.6]]
* [[Mac OS X Server 10.7|10.7]]
* [[OS X Server 10.8|10.8]]
* [[OS X Server 10.9|10.9]]
* [[OS X Server 10.10|10.10]]


=== Components ===
== Các phiên bản macOS ==
The [[Finder (software)|Finder]] is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osnews.com/story/18992/Review_Mac_OS_X_10_5_Leopard/page2|title=Review: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard|last=Holwerda|first=Thom|date=December 6, 2007|publisher=OS News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515190607/https://www.osnews.com/story/18992/Review_Mac_OS_X_10_5_Leopard/page2|archive-date=May 15, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2009|quote=The next area where Apple claims to have made major improvements is the Finder.|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/staff/fatbits/2006/01/2673.ars|title=Finding Leopard|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=January 26, 2006|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204195034/https://arstechnica.com/staff/fatbits/2006/01/2673.ars|archive-date=February 4, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2009|quote=Unsurprisingly, each new Mac OS X release has been the vehicle for a parade of Finder fantasies.|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Quick Look]] has been part of the Finder since [[Mac OS X Leopard|version 10.5]]. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. [[Spotlight (software)|Spotlight]], a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since [[Mac OS X Tiger|version 10.4]], allows rapid real-time searches of data files; mail messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) or content.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2005/04/macosx-10-4.ars/9|title=Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=April 28, 2005|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402204130/https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2005/04/macosx-10-4.ars/9|archive-date=April 2, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT2531|title=Mac 101: Spotlight|date=November 6, 2008|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119031831/https://support.apple.com/kb/HT2531|archive-date=January 19, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=April 15, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> macOS makes use of a [[Dock (Mac OS X)|Dock]], which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows.


Apple added Exposé in [[Mac OS X Panther|version 10.3]] (called [[Mission Control (macOS)|Mission Control]] since [[Mac OS X Lion|version 10.7]]), a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT2503|title=Mac 101: Exposé|date=October 31, 2008|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216053853/https://support.apple.com/kb/HT2503|archive-date=December 16, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[FileVault]] is optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES-128).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=Mac/10.5/en/8727.html|title=About FileVault|website=Mac OS X 10.5 Help|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113170834/https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=Mac%2F10.5%2Fen%2F8727.html|archive-date=January 13, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* '''[[macOS Sierra|10.12]]''' macOS Sierra, Build 16A323
** '''10.12.1''' Build 16B2555 hay 16B2557
** '''10.12.2''' Build 16C67
** '''10.12.3''' Build 16D32
** '''10.12.4''' Build 16E195
** '''10.12.5''' Build 16F73
** '''10.12.6''' Build 16G29, 16G1036, 16G1114, hay 16G1212
* '''[[macOS High Sierra|10.13]]''' macOS High Sierra, Build 17A365 hay 17A405
**'''10.13.1''' Build 17B48, 17B1002, hay 17B1003
** '''10.13.2''' Build 17C88, 17C89, 17C205, hay 17C2205
** '''10.13.3''' Build 17D47, 17D102, 17D2047, hay 17D2102
**'''10.13.4''' Build 17E199, 17E201
**'''10.13.5''' Build 17F77
**'''10.13.6''' Build 17G65
*'''[[10.14]]''' macOS Mojave Build 18A391
**'''10.14.1''' Build 18B75, 18B2107 và 18B309
**'''10.14.2''' Build 18C54
**'''10.14.3''' Build 18D42, Build 18D43 và Build 18D109
**'''10.14.4''' Build 18E226 và Build 18E227
**'''10.14.5''' Build 18F132
**'''10.14.6''' Build 18G84, Build 18G87, Build 18G95 và Build 18G103
*'''[[macOS Catalina|10.15]]''' macOS Catalina Build 19A583, Build 19A602, Build 19A603
**'''10.15.1''' Build 19B88
** '''10.15.2''' Build 19C57
** '''10.15.3''' Build 19D76
** '''10.15.4''' Build 19E266 và Build 19E287
** '''10.15.5''' Build 19F96 và Build 19F101
** '''10.15.6''' Build 19G73 và Build 19G2021
** '''10.15.7''' Build 19H2 và Build 19H1
*'''[[MacOS Big Sur|11.0]]''' macOS Big Sur Build 20A2411
**'''11.0.1''' Build 20B29 và Build 20B50
**'''11.1''' Build 20C69
*'''[[MacOS Monterey|12.0]]''' macOS Monterey Build 21A5248p
*'''[[MacOS Ventura|13.0]]''' macOS Ventura Build 22A5266r
*'''[[MacOS Sonoma|14.0]]''' macOS Sonoma Build 23A344


Features introduced in [[Mac OS X Tiger|version 10.4]] include [[Automator (software)|Automator]], an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT2488|title=Mac 101: Automator|date=November 6, 2008|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221115524/https://support.apple.com/kb/HT2488|archive-date=December 21, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Dashboard (Mac OS)|Dashboard]], a full-screen group of small applications called [[Desktop widget|desktop widgets]] that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT2492|title=Mac 101: Dashboard|date=November 11, 2008|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210111941/https://support.apple.com/kb/HT2492|archive-date=December 10, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and [[Front Row (software)|Front Row]], a media viewer interface accessed by the [[Apple Remote]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html#frontrow|title=Front Row|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215210759/https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html#frontrow|archive-date=December 15, 2008|access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref> Sync Services allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/SyncServices/Articles/WhySyncServices.html|title=Why Use Sync Services?|date=October 31, 2007|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012141434/https://developer.apple.com/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/SyncServices/Articles/WhySyncServices.html|archive-date=October 12, 2008|access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref>
==Tham khảo==
{{tham khảo}}


All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of [[Mac OS X Leopard|version 10.5]] to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the [[Cover Flow]] view, a [[3D computer graphics|three-dimensional]] graphical user interface included with [[iTunes]], the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced [[Spaces (software)|Spaces]], a [[virtual desktop]] implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/spaces.html|title=Spaces. Room for everything.|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215205127/https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/spaces.html|archive-date=December 15, 2008|access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref> an automatic backup technology called [[Time Machine (macOS)|Time Machine]], which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/timemachine.html|title=Time Machine. A giant leap backward.|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215222504/https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/timemachine.html|archive-date=December 15, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html#finder|title=Finder|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215210759/https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html|archive-date=December 15, 2008|access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref>
== Liên kết ngoài ==


In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for [[emoji]] characters by including the proprietary [[Apple Color Emoji]] font.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world|title=How emoji conquered the world|last=Jeff Blagdon|date=2013-03-04|website=The Verge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306003148/https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world|archive-date=March 6, 2013|url-status=live|access-date=2014-07-28|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Smile, You're Speaking EMOJI: the rapid evolution of a wordless tongue">{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/emojis-rapid-evolution.html|title=Smile, You're Speaking EMOJI: the rapid evolution of a wordless tongue|last=Sternbergh|first=Adam|date=November 17, 2014|website=New York magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326144817/https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/emojis-rapid-evolution.html|archive-date=March 26, 2017|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/PH11435?locale=en_US|title=OS X Mountain Lion: Share with iCloud, Facebook, Twitter, and other services|publisher=Apple|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419023942/https://support.apple.com/kb/PH11435?locale=en_US|archive-date=April 19, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in [[iOS]], its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the [[intelligent personal assistant]] [[Siri]], which was introduced in [[MacOS Sierra|version 10.12]] of macOS.<ref name="siri1">{{Cite web|url=https://fieldguide.gizmodo.com/13-things-you-can-do-with-macos-sierra-you-couldnt-befo-1787059614|title=13 Things You Can Do with macOS Sierra You Couldn't Before|date=September 27, 2016|website=[[Gizmodo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927150746/https://fieldguide.gizmodo.com/13-things-you-can-do-with-macos-sierra-you-couldnt-befo-1787059614|archive-date=September 27, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=September 28, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="siri2">{{Cite magazine|title=How to use Siri in macOS Sierra: A look at using the Apple's virtual assistant on the Mac|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/3088224/macs/how-to-use-siri-on-macos-sierra.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005925/https://www.macworld.com/article/3088224/macs/how-to-use-siri-on-macos-sierra.html|archive-date=February 4, 2017|access-date=September 28, 2016|url-status=live|magazine=[[Macworld]]|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* {{Trang web chính thức}}
{{thể loại Commons|Mac OS X}}


=== Multilingual support ===
{{sơ khai hệ điều hành}}
There are 39 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.<ref name="macoslanguages">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macos/how-to-upgrade|title=macOS – How to Upgrade – Apple|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927013442/https://www.apple.com/macos/how-to-upgrade|archive-date=September 27, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=September 28, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/whats-new/features.html#system|title=System – New system languages.|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623030050/https://www.apple.com/macosx/whats-new/features.html|archive-date=June 23, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> Recent updates have added increased support for [[Chinese characters]] and interconnections with popular social networks in [[China]].<ref name="Apple's Tim Cook visits China to talk expansion, expansion, expansion">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2013/01/apples-tim-cook-visits-china-to-talk-expansion-expansion-expansion|title=Apple's Tim Cook visits China to talk expansion, expansion, expansion|last=Cheng|first=Jacqui|date=January 10, 2013|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918220931/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2013/01/apples-tim-cook-visits-china-to-talk-expansion-expansion-expansion|archive-date=September 18, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Next version of OS X to be more iOS-like than ever with Mountain Lion">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/02/apple-unleashes-mountain-lion-on-developers-set-for-summer-release|title=Next version of OS X to be more iOS-like than ever with Mountain Lion|last=Foresman|first=Chris|date=February 16, 2012|website=Ars Technica|publisher=Conde Nast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820063157/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/02/apple-unleashes-mountain-lion-on-developers-set-for-summer-release|archive-date=August 20, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Apple targets China, Japan with new OS X El Capitan system fonts and input">{{Cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/15/06/08/apple-targets-china-japan-with-new-os-x-el-capitan-system-fonts-and-input|title=Apple targets China, Japan with new OS X El Capitan system fonts and input|last=Campbell|first=Mikey|date=June 8, 2015|website=Apple Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906180240/https://appleinsider.com/articles/15/06/08/apple-targets-china-japan-with-new-os-x-el-capitan-system-fonts-and-input|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="chinamtnlion">{{Cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/02/16/apple-is-serious-about-china-sina-weibo-baidu-youku-and-more-integrated-into-mountain-lion|title=Apple courts China with Sina Weibo, Baidu, Youku and more integrated in Mountain Lion|last=Panzarino|first=Matthew|date=February 16, 2012|publisher=The Next Web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321020638/https://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/02/16/apple-is-serious-about-china-sina-weibo-baidu-youku-and-more-integrated-into-mountain-lion|archive-date=March 21, 2012|url-status=live|access-date=March 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>


=== Updating methods ===
macOS can be updated using the Software Update settings pane in [[System Settings]] or the <code>softwareupdate</code> [[command line]] utility. Until [[OS X Mountain Lion|OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion]], a separate [[List of macOS components#Software Update|Software Update]] application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the [[Mac App Store]] application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application. In [[MacOS Mojave|macOS 10.14 Mojave]], the updating function was moved again to the Software Update settings pane.

Most Macs receive six or seven years of macOS updates. After a new major release of macOS, the previous two releases still receive occasional updates, but many security vulnerabilities are only patched in the latest macOS release.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/10/apple-clarifies-security-update-policy-only-the-latest-oses-are-fully-patched/|title=Apple clarifies security update policy: Only the latest OSes are fully patched|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=2022-10-27|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212160619/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/10/apple-clarifies-security-update-policy-only-the-latest-oses-are-fully-patched/|archive-date=February 12, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>

== Release history ==
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 350px;"><timeline>
ImageSize = width:350 height:550
PlotArea = width:200 height:530 left:50 bottom:10

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1997 till:01/01/2024
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1997
ScaleMinor = unit:month increment:3 start:01/01/1997

PlotData=
bar:macos mark:(line,black) fontsize:10
at:26/09/2023 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[macOS Sonoma|macOS 14 Sonoma]] (26/09/2023)"
at:24/10/2022 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[macOS Ventura|macOS 13 Ventura]] (24/10/2022)"
at:25/10/2021 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[macOS Monterey|macOS 12 Monterey]] (25/10/2021)"
at:12/11/2020 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[macOS Big Sur|macOS 11 Big Sur]] (12/11/2020)"
at:07/10/2019 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[macOS Catalina|macOS 10.15 Catalina]] (07/10/2019)"
at:24/09/2018 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[macOS Mojave|macOS 10.14 Mojave]] (24/09/2018)"
at:25/09/2017 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[macOS High Sierra|macOS 10.13 High Sierra]] (25/09/2017)"
at:20/09/2016 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[macOS Sierra|macOS 10.12 Sierra]] (20/09/2016)"
at:30/09/2015 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[OS X El Capitan|OS X 10.11 El Capitan]] (30/09/2015)"
at:16/10/2014 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[OS X Yosemite|OS X 10.10 Yosemite]] (16/10/2014)"
at:22/10/2013 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[OS X Mavericks|OS X 10.9 Mavericks]] (22/10/2013)"
at:25/07/2012 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[OS X Mountain Lion|OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion]] (25/07/2012)"
at:20/07/2011 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[Mac OS X Lion|Mac OS X 10.7 Lion]] (20/07/2011)"
at:28/08/2009 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard]] (28/08/2009)"
at:26/10/2007 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard]] (26/10/2007)"
at:29/04/2005 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[Mac OS X Tiger|Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger]] (29/04/2005)"
at:24/10/2003 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[Mac OS X Panther|Mac OS X 10.3 Panther]] (24/10/2003)"
at:24/08/2002 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[Mac OS X Jaguar|Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar]] (24/08/2002)"
at:25/09/2001 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[Mac OS X 10.1]] Puma (25/09/2001)"
at:24/04/2001 shift:(20,-7) text:"[[Mac OS X 10.0]] Cheetah (24/04/2001)"
at:13/09/2000 shift:(20,-7) text:"[[Mac OS X Public Beta]] Kodiak (13/09/2000)"
at:16/03/1999 shift:(20,2) text:"[[Mac OS X Server 1.0]] Hera (16/03/1999)~Mac OS X Developer Preview (16/03/1999)"
at:31/08/1997 shift:(20,-2) text:"[[Rhapsody (operating system)|Rhapsody Developer Release]] (31/08/1997)"
</timeline><div class="thumbcaption">[[Timeline]] of versions</div></div></div>Mac OS X versions were named after [[big cats]], with the exception of [[Mac OS X Server 1.0]] and the original public beta, from [[Mac OS X v10.0|Mac OS X 10.0]] until [[OS X Mavericks|OS X 10.9 Mavericks]], when Apple switched to using [[California]] locations. Prior to its release, version 10.0 was [[Code name|code named]] internally at Apple as "Cheetah" , and [[Mac OS X v10.1|Mac OS X 10.1]] was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz surrounding [[Mac OS X v10.2|Mac OS X 10.2]], codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system. [[Mac OS X Panther|Mac OS X 10.3]] was marketed as "Panther", [[Mac OS X Tiger|Mac OS X 10.4]] as "Tiger", [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X 10.5]] as "Leopard", [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|Mac OS X 10.6]] as "Snow Leopard", [[Mac OS X Lion|Mac OS X 10.7]] as "Lion", [[OS X Mountain Lion|OS X 10.8]] as "Mountain Lion", and [[OS X Mavericks|OS X 10.9]] as "Mavericks".

"Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered as trademarks of Apple,<ref>{{US trademark|78257226}}</ref><ref>{{US trademark|78269988}}</ref><ref>{{US trademark|78270003}}</ref> but "Cheetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.<ref>{{US trademark|78271630}}</ref><ref>{{US trademark|78271639}}</ref> Computer retailer [[Tiger Direct]] sued Apple for its use of the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005, a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/05/05/13/court_sides_with_apple_over_tiger_trademark_dispute.html|title=Court sides with Apple over "Tiger" trademark dispute|last=Kasper|first=Jade|date=May 13, 2005|publisher=[[AppleInsider]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000250/https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/05/05/13/court_sides_with_apple_over_tiger_trademark_dispute.html|archive-date=September 27, 2007|url-status=live|access-date=April 25, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Mac OS X Public Beta ===
{{Main|Mac OS X Public Beta}}On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/4q00/macosx-pb1/macos-x-beta-1.html|title=Mac OS X Beta&nbsp;– Page 1 – (10/2000)|last=John Siracusa|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030014232/https://arstechnica.com/reviews/4q00/macosx-pb1/macos-x-beta-1.html|archive-date=October 30, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=March 11, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> "preview" version of Mac OS X, internally codenamed Kodiak, to gain feedback from users.

The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta_Expires_Today|title=Mac OS X Public Beta Expires Today &#124; News|publisher=The Mac Observer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608083239/https://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta_Expires_Today|archive-date=June 8, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=March 11, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah) ===
{{Main|Mac OS X 10.0}}
On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).<ref>Although the version is now called Cheetah by users, rare evidences can be found to prove that it was called so internally. For instance, a Q&A was created in 2005 which mentions it.{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2004/qa1378.html|title=Technical Q&A|date=October 4, 2005|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518083217/https://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2004/qa1378.html|archive-date=May 18, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=December 20, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The initial version was slow,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mac OS X 10.0|language=en-us|work=Ars Technica|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2001/04/macos-x/5|url-status=live|access-date=2017-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235838/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2001/04/macos-x/5|archive-date=April 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> incomplete,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.arstechnica.com/reviews/01q2/macos-x-final/macos-x-17.html|title=Mac OS X 10.0 – Page 17 – (03/2001)|website=archive.arstechnica.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083727/https://archive.arstechnica.com/reviews/01q2/macos-x-final/macos-x-17.html|archive-date=August 17, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=2017-04-29|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and had very few applications available at launch, mostly from independent developers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0AnCgAAQBAJ&q=Mac+OS+X+had+few+applications+available+at+launch%2C+from+independent+developers&pg=PA280|title=Getting StartED with Mac OS X Leopard|last=Williams|first=Justin|date=2008-03-11|publisher=Apress|isbn=978-1-4302-0519-7|language=en|access-date=October 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111042259/https://books.google.com/books?id=S0AnCgAAQBAJ&q=Mac+OS+X+had+few+applications+available+at+launch%2C+from+independent+developers&pg=PA280|archive-date=January 11, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve.<ref name=":0" /> Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment,<ref name=":0" /> for attempts to overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks.

=== Mac OS X 10.1 (Puma) ===
{{Main|Mac OS X 10.1}}Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running [[Mac OS 9]]. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.<ref name="pumaupgrade">{{Cite web|url=https://apple.slashdot.org/story/01/11/29/1522209/apple-cease-and-desists-stupidity-leak|title=Apple Cease-And-Desists Stupidity Leak|year=2001|publisher=Slashdot|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325032007/https://apple.slashdot.org/story/01/11/29/1522209/apple-cease-and-desists-stupidity-leak|archive-date=March 25, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=July 10, 2021|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.<ref name="default os">{{Cite press release|title=Apple Makes Mac OS X the Default Operating System on All Macs|date=January 7, 2002|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/01/07Apple-Makes-Mac-OS-X-the-Default-Operating-System-on-All-Macs|access-date=January 2, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010053540/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/01/07Apple-Makes-Mac-OS-X-the-Default-Operating-System-on-All-Macs|archive-date=October 10, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar ===
{{Main|Mac OS X Jaguar}}On August 23, 2002,<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Jaguar "Unleashed" at 10:20&nbsp;pm Tonight|date=August 23, 2002|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/08/23Jaguar-Unleashed-at-10-20-p-m-Tonight|access-date=January 2, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133602/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/08/23Jaguar-Unleashed-at-10-20-p-m-Tonight|archive-date=January 3, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.<ref>The headline of the press release mention "Jaguar", while the codename was not mentioned for earlier versions. See [https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X/ Apple's "Jaguar" press release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133442/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X|date=January 3, 2018}}, compared to [https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apples-Mac-OS-X-to-Ship-on-March-24/ their Mac OS X v10.0 press release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072845/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apples-Mac-OS-X-to-Ship-on-March-24|date=January 3, 2018}} and [https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25First-Major-Upgrade-to-Mac-OS-X-Hits-Stores-This-Weekend/ their Mac OS X v10.1 press release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133324/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25First-Major-Upgrade-to-Mac-OS-X-Hits-Stores-This-Weekend|date=January 3, 2018}}</ref> It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx|title=Mac OS X 10.2 Product Information Page|date=August 29, 2002|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020829042532/https://www.apple.com/macosx|archive-date=August 29, 2002|url-status=dead|access-date=June 12, 2008}}</ref>), including [[Quartz Compositor|Quartz Extreme]] for compositing graphics directly on an [[ATI Technologies|ATI]] [[Radeon]] or [[Nvidia]] [[GeForce 2 Series|GeForce2]] MX AGP-based video card with at least 16&nbsp;MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new [[Address Book (application)|Address Book]], and an instant messaging client named [[iChat]].<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Apple Previews "Jaguar," the Next Major Release of Mac OS X|date=May 6, 2002|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X|access-date=January 2, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133442/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X|archive-date=January 3, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Happy Mac]] which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lowendmac.com/thomas/tt07/0823.html|title=Murder on Macintosh Row: Happy Mac, 1984–2002|last=Thomas|first=Tommy|website=lowendmac.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072411/https://lowendmac.com/thomas/tt07/0823.html|archive-date=January 3, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2017-04-29|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Mac OS X 10.3 Panther ===
{{Main|Mac OS X Panther}}[[Mac OS X v10.3]] Panther was released on October 24, 2003. It significantly improved performance and incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, [[Fast user switching]], [[Exposé (Mac OS X)|Exposé]] (Window manager), [[FileVault]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], iChat AV (which added [[Videoconferencing|video conferencing]] features to iChat), improved [[Portable Document Format]] (PDF) rendering and much greater [[Microsoft Windows]] interoperability.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Apple Announces Mac OS X "Panther"|date=October 8, 2003|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/10/08Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Panther|access-date=January 2, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133441/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/10/08Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Panther|archive-date=January 3, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-10-24|title=Mac OS X 10.3 Panther|language=en-US|work=Low End Mac|url=https://lowendmac.com/2003/mac-os-x-10-3-panther|url-status=live|access-date=2016-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230214119/https://lowendmac.com/2003/mac-os-x-10-3-panther|archive-date=December 30, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger ===
{{Main|Mac OS X Tiger}}
Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Apple Unleashes "Tiger" Friday at 6:00 p.m.|date=April 28, 2005|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2005/04/28Apple-Unleashes-Tiger-Friday-at-6-00-p-m|access-date=January 2, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322214937/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2005/04/28Apple-Unleashes-Tiger-Friday-at-6-00-p-m|archive-date=March 22, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256&nbsp;MB and a built-in [[FireWire]] port.<ref name="TigerRequirements">{{Cite web|url=https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=106163|title=Mac OS X: System Requirements|date=April 28, 2005|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809065541/https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=106163|archive-date=August 9, 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=December 20, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Among the new features, Tiger introduced [[Spotlight (software)|Spotlight]], [[Dashboard (Mac OS)|Dashboard]], [[Virtual folder|Smart Folders]], updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, [[QuickTime]] 7, [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] 2, [[Automator (software)|Automator]], [[VoiceOver]], [[Core Image]] and [[Core Video]]. The initial release of the [[Apple TV]] used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solution.allthingsd.com/20070321/pc-tv-via-apple|title=From PC to TV&nbsp;– via Apple|last=Mossberg|first=Walter S.|author-link=Walt Mossberg|date=March 21, 2007|website=[[All Things Digital]]|publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520090501/https://solution.allthingsd.com/20070321/pc-tv-via-apple|archive-date=May 20, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=May 18, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/06/01/10/apple_unveils_intel_imacs.html|title=Apple unveils Intel iMacs|date=January 2006|publisher=AppleInsider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113041729/https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/06/01/10/apple_unveils_intel_imacs.html|archive-date=January 13, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=December 15, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard ===
{{Main|Mac OS X Leopard}}Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html|title=Apple&nbsp;– Mac OS X Leopard&nbsp;– Features&nbsp;– 300+ New Features|year=2008|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501175556/https://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html|archive-date=May 1, 2008|access-date=June 13, 2008}}</ref> Leopard supports both [[PowerPC]]- and [[X86|Intel x86]]-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867&nbsp;MHz, and at least 512&nbsp;MB of [[Random-access memory|RAM]] to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, [[Time Machine (macOS)|Time Machine]], [[Spaces (software)|Spaces]], [[Boot Camp (software)|Boot Camp]] pre-installed,<ref name="bootcamp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/bootcamp|title=Apple&nbsp;– BootCamp|year=2006|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602044022/https://www.apple.com/macosx/bootcamp|archive-date=June 2, 2006|access-date=June 5, 2006}}</ref> full support for [[64-bit]] applications (including graphical applications), new features in [[Mail (OS X)|Mail]] and [[iChat]], and a number of new security features. Leopard is an [[Single UNIX Specification|Open Brand UNIX 03]] registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD-based]] OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3555.htm|title=Mac OS X Version 10.5 on Intel-based Macintosh computers|publisher=The Open Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511222112/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3555.htm|archive-date=May 11, 2008|url-status=live|access-date=December 4, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/unix.html|title=Mac OS X Leopard&nbsp;– Technology&nbsp;– UNIX|website=Leopard Technology Overview|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032125/https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/unix.html|archive-date=June 9, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=October 26, 2007|quote=Leopard is now an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product, conforming to the SUSv3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads.|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Leopard dropped support for the [[Classic Environment]] and all Classic applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=303137|title=Do Classic applications work with Mac OS X 10.5 or Intel-based Macs?|date=January 13, 2006|website=Knowledge Base|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025084826/https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=303137|archive-date=October 25, 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=October 25, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2iloXnZZNAC&q=mac+os+x+leopard+10.5+last+version+to+support+power+pc&pg=PT34|title=Cocoa Recipes for Mac OS X|last=Cheeseman|first=Bill|date=2010-04-26|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-321-70288-3|language=en|access-date=October 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111042259/https://books.google.com/books?id=B2iloXnZZNAC&q=mac+os+x+leopard+10.5+last+version+to+support+power+pc&pg=PT34|archive-date=January 11, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard ===
{{Main|Mac OS X Snow Leopard}}Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of {{nowrap|Mac OS X}}, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive [[Finder (software)|Finder]] rewritten in [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]], faster [[Time Machine (macOS)|Time Machine]] backups, more reliable and user-friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] web browser. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1&nbsp;GB of [[Random-access memory|RAM]], and dropped default support for applications built for the [[PowerPC]] architecture ([[Rosetta (software)|Rosetta]] could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hardocp.com/news/2008/06/11/snow_leopard_will_support_powerpcs|title=Mac OS X Snow Leopard Drops PowerPC Support|last=Lynch|first=Steven|date=June 12, 2008|publisher=HardOCP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927054316/https://www.hardocp.com/news/2008/06/11/snow_leopard_will_support_powerpcs|archive-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=October 20, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Snow Leopard also featured new [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] technology capable of supporting greater amounts of [[Random-access memory|RAM]], improved support for multi-core processors through [[Grand Central Dispatch]], and advanced GPU performance with [[OpenCL]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-08-19|title=The 64-Bitness of Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard|language=en-US|work=Low End Mac|url=https://lowendmac.com/2009/the-64-bitness-of-mac-os-x-10-6-snow-leopard|url-status=live|access-date=2016-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227090313/https://lowendmac.com/2009/the-64-bitness-of-mac-os-x-10-6-snow-leopard|archive-date=December 27, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The 10.6.6 update introduced support for the [[Mac App Store]], Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications.
[[Tập_tin:WWDC_2011_Moscone_West_Interior.jpg|nhỏ|250x250px|OS X Lion was announced at [[WWDC]] 2011 at [[Moscone West]].]]

=== OS X 10.7 Lion ===
{{Main|OS X Lion}}OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called [[Launchpad (Mac OS X)|Launchpad]] and a greater use of [[multi-touch]] gestures, to the Mac. This release removed [[Rosetta (software)|Rosetta]], making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.<ref name="MacRumors: Mac OS X Lion: Drops PowerPC Emulation, Adds QuickTime Pro Features, Much More">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2011/02/27/mac-os-x-lion-drops-powerpc-emulation-adds-quicktime-pro-features-much-more|title=Mac OS X Lion: Drops PowerPC Emulation, Adds QuickTime Pro Features, Much More|last=Arnold Kim|date=February 27, 2011|website=[[MacRumors]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227205334/https://www.macrumors.com/2011/02/27/mac-os-x-lion-drops-powerpc-emulation-adds-quicktime-pro-features-much-more|archive-date=February 27, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=February 27, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are used, and [[Mission Control (macOS)|Mission Control]] which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/lion|title=Apple – OS X Lion – The world's most advanced desktop operating system.|date=October 20, 2010|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523090205/https://www.apple.com/macosx/lion|archive-date=May 23, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=October 20, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7/7/#document-model|title=Mac OS X 10.7 Lion Review – Document Model|date=July 20, 2011|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220123210/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7/7/#document-model|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=December 11, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion ===
{{Main|OS X Mountain Lion}}OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.<ref name="PR-25-07" /> Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely aligned with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include [[Game Center]], support for [[iMessage]] in the new [[Messages (Apple)|Messages]] messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from [[iCal]] (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing [[iWork]] documents in [[iCloud]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/mountain-lion|title=Apple – OS X Mountain Lion – The world's most advanced desktop operating system.|date=February 16, 2012|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216192032/https://www.apple.com/macosx/mountain-lion|archive-date=February 16, 2012|url-status=live|access-date=February 16, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Notification Center]], which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for [[Baidu]] as an option for [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] search engine, [[Tencent QQ|QQ]], [[163.com]] and 126.com services for [[Mail (OS X)|Mail]], [[Address Book (application)|Contacts]] and [[ICal|Calendar]], [[Youku]], [[Tudou]] and [[Sina Weibo]] are integrated into share sheets.<ref name="chinamtnlion" />

Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the [[Mac App Store|App Store]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/12/02/22/inside_os_x_108_mountain_lion_apple_overhauls_software_updates_app_store|title=Inside OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion: Apple overhauls software updates, App Store|date=February 22, 2012|website=AppleInsider|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706210306/https://appleinsider.com/articles/12/02/22/inside_os_x_108_mountain_lion_apple_overhauls_software_updates_app_store|archive-date=July 6, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=2017-04-29|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2012/02/16/software-update-to-move-inside-mac-app-store-in-os-x-mountain-lion|title=Software Update to Move Inside Mac App Store in OS X Mountain Lion|last=Slivka|first=Eric|date=February 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701211900/https://www.macrumors.com/2012/02/16/software-update-to-move-inside-mac-app-store-in-os-x-mountain-lion|archive-date=July 1, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=2017-04-29|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
=== OS X 10.9 Mavericks ===
{{Main|OS X Mavericks}}OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64-bit Intel processor.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Poornima|last2=Chan|first2=Edwin|date=Oct 22, 2013|title=Apple gives away Mac software, unveils iPad Air|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-ipad-idUSBRE99L0ZK20131022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204030200/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-ipad-idUSBRE99L0ZK20131022|archive-date=February 4, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS-only [[Apple Maps|Maps]] and [[Apple Books|iBooks]] applications, improvements to the Notification Center, enhancements to several applications, and many under-the-hood improvements.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=OS X Mavericks Available Today Free from the Mac App Store|date=October 22, 2013|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2013/10/23OS-X-Mavericks-Available-Today-Free-from-the-Mac-App-Store|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010063910/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2013/10/23OS-X-Mavericks-Available-Today-Free-from-the-Mac-App-Store|archive-date=October 10, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== OS X 10.10 Yosemite ===
{{Main|OS X Yosemite}}OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of [[iOS 7]], intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely [[Colorfulness|saturated colors]].<ref name="Yosemite review Siracusa">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/10/os-x-10-10/3|title=Yosemite review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=October 16, 2014|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720223221/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/10/os-x-10-10/3|archive-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3, [[Photos (Apple)|Photos]] replaced [[iPhoto]] and [[Aperture (software)|Aperture]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gibbs|first=Samuel|date=16 April 2015|title=Upgrading from iPhoto or Aperture to Apple's Photos? Read this|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/16/upgrading-from-iphoto-aperture-apples-photos-read-this|url-status=live|access-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201820/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/16/upgrading-from-iphoto-aperture-apples-photos-read-this|archive-date=May 27, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== OS X 10.11 El Capitan ===
{{Main|OS X El Capitan}}
OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as emphasizing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/li/newsroom/2015/06/08Apple-Announces-OS-X-El-Capitan-with-Refined-Experience-Improved-Performance|title=Apple Announces OS X El Capitan with Refined Experience & Improved Performance|date=June 8, 2015|website=[[Apple Inc.]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922073114/https://www.apple.com/li/newsroom/2015/06/08Apple-Announces-OS-X-El-Capitan-with-Refined-Experience-Improved-Performance/|archive-date=September 22, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2020}}</ref> Refinements include public transport built into the [[Apple Maps|Maps]] application, GUI improvements to the [[Notes (Apple)|Notes]] application, adopting [[San Francisco (2014 typeface)|San Francisco]] as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of [[System Integrity Protection]].

The [[Metal (API)|Metal API]], first introduced in [[iOS 8]], was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://devstreaming.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2015/6037pi9rxl6tfss8w/603/603_whats_new_in_metal_part_1.pdf|title=What's New in Metal, Part 1|last=Dhiraj|first=Rav|date=June 2015|website=[[Apple Developer]]|publisher=Apple|page=84|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617222000/https://devstreaming.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2015/6037pi9rxl6tfss8w/603/603_whats_new_in_metal_part_1.pdf|archive-date=June 17, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=June 17, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> According to Apple, Metal accelerates system-level rendering by up to 50 percent, resulting in faster graphics performance for everyday apps. Metal also delivers up to 10 times faster draw call performance for more fluid experience in games and pro apps.<ref name="apple-PR-release_205-06-08">{{Cite press release|title=Apple – Press Info – Apple Announces OS X El Capitan with Refined Experience & Improved Performance|publisher=Apple Inc.|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2015/06/08Apple-Announces-OS-X-El-Capitan-with-Refined-Experience-Improved-Performance.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608223906/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2015/06/08Apple-Announces-OS-X-El-Capitan-with-Refined-Experience-Improved-Performance.html|archive-date=June 8, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== macOS 10.12 Sierra ===
{{Main|macOS Sierra}}macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of [[Siri]], Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.<ref name="macossierraweb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macos/sierra|title=macOS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926002522/https://www.apple.com/macos/sierra|archive-date=September 26, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=September 26, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="siri3">{{Cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/16/06/14/siri-for-mac-how-it-works-in-apples-macos-sierra-and-what-its-capable-of|title=Siri for Mac: How it works in Apple's macOS Sierra and what it's capable of|date=June 14, 2016|publisher=[[AppleInsider]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001184617/https://appleinsider.com/articles/16/06/14/siri-for-mac-how-it-works-in-apples-macos-sierra-and-what-its-capable-of|archive-date=October 1, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=September 28, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== macOS 10.13 High Sierra ===
{{Main|macOS High Sierra}}macOS 10.13 High Sierra was released to the public on September 25, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dillet|first=Romain|title=Apple is releasing macOS High Sierra on September 25|language=en|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/12/macos-high-sierra-release-date|url-status=live|access-date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014315/https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/12/macos-high-sierra-release-date|archive-date=October 13, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Like [[OS X El Capitan]] and [[OS X Mountain Lion]], High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features visible to the user, including updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2017-06-05|title=macOS 10.13 High Sierra Release Date Set for Fall|language=en-US|work=OS X Daily|url=https://osxdaily.com/2017/06/05/macos-10-13-high-sierra-release-fall|url-status=live|access-date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627200506/https://osxdaily.com/2017/06/05/macos-10-13-high-sierra-release-fall|archive-date=June 27, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The major change under the hood is the switch to the [[Apple File System]], optimized for the solid-state storage used in most new Mac computers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Apple macOS High Sierra preview: the biggest Mac update you'll never see|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/29/15886832/apple-macos-high-sierra-preview-features|url-status=live|access-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013172547/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/29/15886832/apple-macos-high-sierra-preview-features|archive-date=October 13, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== macOS 10.14 Mojave ===
{{Main|macOS Mojave}}macOS 10.14 Mojave was released on September 24, 2018.<ref name="macrumors-mojave" /> The update introduced a system-wide [[dark mode]] and several new apps lifted from iOS, such as [[Apple News]]. It was the first version to require a GPU that supports Metal. Mojave also changed the system software update mechanism from the App Store (where it had been since [[OS X Mountain Lion]]) to a new panel in System Preferences. App updates remain in the App Store.

=== macOS 10.15 Catalina ===
{{Main|macOS Catalina}}macOS 10.15 Catalina was released on October 7, 2019.<ref name="Apple macOS Catalina intro">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macos/catalina|title=macOS Catalina|publisher=Apple Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110141732/https://www.apple.com/macos/catalina/|archive-date=November 10, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref> Updates included enhanced voice control, and bundled apps for music, video, and podcasts that together replace the functions of iTunes, and the ability to use an iPad as an external monitor. Catalina officially dropped support for 32-bit applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/12-things-you-can-do-in-macos-catalina-that-you-couldnt-1838822074|title=12 Things You Can Do in macOS Catalina That You Couldn't Before|last=Nield|first=David|date=October 7, 2019|website=Gizmodo|publisher=G/O Media Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815122526/https://gizmodo.com/12-things-you-can-do-in-macos-catalina-that-you-couldnt-1838822074|archive-date=August 15, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

=== macOS 11 Big Sur ===
{{Main|macOS Big Sur}}[[macOS Big Sur]] was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020,<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Apple introduces macOS Big Sur with a beautiful new design|date=June 22, 2020|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/06/apple-introduces-macos-big-sur-with-a-beautiful-new-design|access-date=2020-06-22|archive-date=September 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925030529/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/06/apple-introduces-macos-big-sur-with-a-beautiful-new-design/|url-status=live}}</ref> and it was made available to the general public on November 12, 2020. This is the first time the major version number of the operating system has been incremented since the [[Mac OS X Public Beta]] in 2000. It brings [[AArch64|ARM]] support,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/22/apple-debuts-macos-10-16-big-sur-with-all-new-design|title=Apple debuts macOS Big Sur with all-new design, ARM support|date=June 22, 2020|website=VentureBeat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709032411/https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/22/apple-debuts-macos-10-16-big-sur-with-all-new-design/|archive-date=July 9, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-22}}</ref> new icons, and aesthetic [[Graphical user interface|user interface]] changes to the system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/apple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur|title=Apple unveils macOS 11.0 Big Sur, featuring a new aesthetic and redesigned apps|date=June 22, 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927141740/https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/apple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur/|archive-date=September 27, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-22}}</ref>

=== macOS 12 Monterey ===
{{Main|macOS Monterey}}[[macOS Monterey]] was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 7, 2021, and released on October 25, 2021, introducing Universal Control (which allows input devices to be used with multiple devices simultaneously), Focus (which allows selectively limiting notifications and alerts depending on user-defined user/work modes), Shortcuts (a task automation framework previously only available on [[iOS]] and [[iPadOS]] expected to replace [[List of macOS components#Automator|Automator]]), a redesigned [[Safari (web browser)|Safari Web browser]], and updates and improvements to [[FaceTime]].<ref name="wwdc21">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/apple-events/june-2021|title=Apple WWDC 2021 Keynote|last=Apple Inc.|date=2021-06-07|website=apple.com|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222030234/https://www.apple.com/apple-events/june-2021/|archive-date=February 22, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-07}}</ref>

=== macOS 13 Ventura ===
{{Main|macOS Ventura}}[[macOS Ventura]] was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 6, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/06/macos-ventura-brings-powerful-productivity-tools-new-continuity-features-to-mac/|title=macOS Ventura adds powerful productivity tools and new Continuity features that make the Mac experience better than ever|date=June 6, 2022|website=Apple Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103072543/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/06/macos-ventura-brings-powerful-productivity-tools-new-continuity-features-to-mac/|archive-date=November 3, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> and released on October 24, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/10/macos-ventura-is-now-available/|title=macOS Ventura is now available|date=October 24, 2022|website=Apple Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024191344/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/10/macos-ventura-is-now-available/|archive-date=October 24, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> It came with the redesigned System Preferences to a more [[iOS]]-like settings, and now with the new Weather and Clock app for Mac. Users can use an iPhone as a webcam for video conferencing.

=== macOS 14 Sonoma ===
{{Main|macOS Sonoma}}[[macOS Sonoma]] was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 5, 2023. It was released on September 26, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23860441/macos-sonoma-release-date-apple|title=macOS Sonoma comes out on September 26th|date=September 12, 2023|website=The Verge|access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref>

== Security ==
Apple publishes Apple Platform Security documents to lay out the security protections built into macOS and Mac hardware.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/security/welcome/web|title=Apple Platform Security|website=Apple Support|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212160614/https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/security/welcome/web|archive-date=February 12, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>

macOS supports additional hardware-based security features on Apple silicon Macs:<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2020/10686/|title=Explore the new system architecture of Apple silicon Macs - WWDC20 - Videos|website=Apple Developer|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212160614/https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2020/10686/|archive-date=February 12, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>

* [[W^X|Write xor execute]] prevents some security vulnerabilities by making [[Page (computer memory)|memory pages]] either writable or executable, but not both.<ref name=":3" />
* [[PCI Express|PCIe]] or [[Thunderbolt (interface)|Thunderbolt]] devices are prevented by [[Input–output memory management unit|IOMMUs]] from reading system memory that is not explicitly mapped to them, unlike Intel-based Macs.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/security/seca4960c2b5/web|title=Direct memory access protections for Mac computers|website=Apple Support|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212160616/https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/security/seca4960c2b5/web|archive-date=February 12, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>

macOS's optional Lockdown Mode enables additional protections, such as disabling [[just-in-time compilation]] for Safari's [[JavaScript engine]], preventing some vulnerabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/801510/apple-devices-lockdown-mode-extreme-protection.html|title=Apple's Lockdown Mode offers extreme security for iPhone, iPad, and Mac|website=Macworld|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212160616/https://www.macworld.com/article/801510/apple-devices-lockdown-mode-extreme-protection.html|archive-date=February 12, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>

Only the latest major release of macOS (currently [[macOS Sonoma]]) receives patches for all known security vulnerabilities. The previous two releases receive some security updates, but not for all vulnerabilities known to Apple. In 2021, Apple fixed a critical [[privilege escalation]] vulnerability in macOS Big Sur, but a fix remained unavailable for the previous release, macOS Catalina, for 234 days, until Apple was informed that the vulnerability was being used to infect the computers of people who visited Hong Kong pro-democracy websites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clickbuy.com.vn/|title=clickbuy|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=2021-11-12|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|url-status=live|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2022/10/apple-only-commits-to-patching-latest-os-version.html|title=Apple Only Commits to Patching Latest OS Version|last=Schneier|first=Bruce|date=October 31, 2022|website=Schneier on Security|access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref>

[[macOS Ventura]] added support for Rapid Security Response (RSR) updates. These smaller updates may require a reboot, but take less than a minute to install.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/1/23706883/apple-ios-16-iphone-rapid-security-update-error-internet-connection|title=Apple's first iPhone Rapid Security Response patch had a problem, but it's fine now|last1=Lawler|first1=Richard|date=1 May 2023|website=The Verge|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/05/seven-months-in-ios-and-macos-get-their-first-rapid-security-updates/|title=Apple uses iOS and macOS Rapid Security Response feature for the first time|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=2023-05-01|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref> In an analysis, [[Hackintosh]] developer Mykola Grymalyuk noted that RSR updates can only fix userland vulunerability, and cannot patch the macOS kernel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khronokernel.github.io/macos/2023/04/18/RSR.html|title=macOS' Rapid Security Response: Designed into a Corner|last1=Grymalyuk|first1=Mykola|date=18 April 2023|website=Mykola's blog|language=en|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>

=== Malware and spyware ===
In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of [[malware]] and [[spyware]] that have affected [[Microsoft Windows]] users.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Welch|first=John|date=January 6, 2007|title=Review: Mac OS X Shines In Comparison With Windows Vista|url=https://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800670&pgno=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209090401/https://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800670|archive-date=February 9, 2007|access-date=February 5, 2007|url-status=live|magazine=Information Week|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/10/06/linux_vs_windows_viruses|title=Linux vs. Windows Viruses|last=Granneman|first=Scott|date=October 6, 2003|website=The Register|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907054536/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/10/06/linux_vs_windows_viruses|archive-date=September 7, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daringfireball.net/2004/06/broken_windows|title=Broken Windows|last=Gruber|first=John|author-link=John Gruber|date=June 4, 2004|publisher=[[Daring Fireball]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904003214/https://daringfireball.net/2004/06/broken_windows|archive-date=September 4, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=April 24, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref> macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marketshare.hitslink.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?qprid=8|title=Operating System Market Share|date=September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125022803/https://marketshare.hitslink.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?qprid=8|archive-date=January 25, 2010|url-status=live|access-date=April 10, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Computer worm|Worms]], as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Roberts|first=Paul|date=February 21, 2006|title=New Safari Flaw, Worms Turn Spotlight on Apple Security|url=https://www.eweek.com/security/new-safari-flaw-worms-turn-spotlight-on-apple-security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927142109/https://www.eweek.com/security/new-safari-flaw-worms-turn-spotlight-on-apple-security/|archive-date=September 27, 2022|access-date=January 22, 2022|url-status=live|magazine=[[eWeek]]}}</ref> Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.betanews.com/article/Macs-dont-get-viruses-myth-dissolves-before-publics-eyes/1251493625|title='Macs don't get viruses' myth dissolves before public's eyes|last=Conneally|first=Tim|date=August 28, 2009|publisher=BetaNews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830174605/https://www.betanews.com/article/Macs-dont-get-viruses-myth-dissolves-before-publics-eyes/1251493625|archive-date=August 30, 2009|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks,<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Grimes|first=Roger A.|date=May 23, 2011|title=7 questions about the Mac malware scare &#124; Security|url=https://www.infoworld.com/d/security/7-questions-about-the-mac-malware-scare-811|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607094531/https://www.infoworld.com/d/security/7-questions-about-the-mac-malware-scare-811|archive-date=June 7, 2011|access-date=July 5, 2011|url-status=live|magazine=InfoWorld|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and malware such as [[Mac Defender]], MacProtector, and MacGuard was seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions installed without user input.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/articles/152612/20110526/mac-security-boasts-threatened-by-malware-surge.htm|title=Mac Security Boasts Threatened by Malware Surge – International Business Times|date=May 26, 2011|publisher=Ibtimes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024312/https://www.ibtimes.com/articles/152612/20110526/mac-security-boasts-threatened-by-malware-surge.htm|archive-date=August 8, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=July 5, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-tells-support-staff-not-to-confirm-mac-defender-infections|title=Apple tells support staff not to confirm Mac Defender infections|last=Trenholm|first=Rich|date=May 20, 2011|publisher=CNET|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622224013/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-tells-support-staff-not-to-confirm-mac-defender-infections/|archive-date=June 22, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Seltzer|first=Larry|date=May 25, 2011|title=Mac Defender 2.0 Released – Security Watch|work=PC Mag|url=https://blogs.pcmag.com/securitywatch/2011/05/mac_defender_20_released.php|url-status=dead|access-date=July 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717145838/https://blogs.pcmag.com/securitywatch/2011/05/mac_defender_20_released.php|archive-date=July 17, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT1222|title=Apple security updates|date=January 21, 2009|publisher=Apple|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205004031/https://support.apple.com/kb/HT1222|archive-date=February 5, 2009|url-status=live|access-date=January 29, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> as well as signature files containing [[Signature-based detection|malware signatures]] for [[Xprotect]], an anti-malware feature part of [[File Quarantine]] present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/217043/xprotect-explained-how-your-macs-built-in-anti-malware-works|title=XProtect Explained: How Your Mac's Built-in Anti-malware Software Works|date=May 18, 2015|publisher=How-To Geek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030541/https://www.howtogeek.com/217043/xprotect-explained-how-your-macs-built-in-anti-malware-works|archive-date=March 23, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Usage share ===
{{As of|2023|01}}, macOS is the second-most widely used general-purpose desktop operating system used on the [[World Wide Web]] following [[Microsoft Windows]], with a 15.33% usage share according to statistics compiled by [https://gs.statcounter.com/ Statcounter GlobalStats].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/desktop/worldwide|title=Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2023-02-26}}</ref>

=== Promotion ===
As a device company, Apple has mostly promoted macOS to sell Macs, with promotion of macOS updates focused on existing users, promotion at [[Apple Store]] and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and [[Get a Mac#North American campaign|comparing]] Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism [[Microsoft]] received for the long-awaited [[Windows Vista]] operating system.<ref name="Apple's Get a Mac campaign">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/adfreak/apples-get-mac-complete-campaign-130552|title=Apple's Get a Mac campaign|last=Nudd|first=Tim|website=AdWeek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151923/https://www.adweek.com/adfreak/apples-get-mac-complete-campaign-130552|archive-date=October 5, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Apple tweaks Microsoft over Vista ad spending">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2008/oct/23/apple-microsoft-vista-advertising|title=Apple tweaks Microsoft over Vista ad spending|last=Arthur|first=Charles|date=October 23, 2008|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072749/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2008/oct/23/apple-microsoft-vista-advertising|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Chú thích==
{{tham khảo|2}}

== Liên kết ngoài ==

* {{Trang web chính thức}}
{{Apple}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Thể loại:Hệ điều hành]]
[[Thể loại:Hệ điều hành]]
[[Thể loại:Phần mềm hệ thống]]
[[Thể loại:Phần mềm hệ thống]]

Phiên bản lúc 09:59, ngày 18 tháng 10 năm 2023

macOS
Tập tin:MacOS Sonoma - Робочий стіл.jpg
macOS Sonoma, phiên bản mới nhất hiện tại.
Nhà phát triểnApple Inc.
Được viết bằng
Họ hệ điều hànhMac, Unix
Tình trạng
hoạt động
Đang hoạt động
Kiểu mã nguồnĐóng cùng với một vài mã nguồn mở
Phát hành
lần đầu
24 tháng 3 năm 2001; 23 năm trước (2001-03-24)
Phiên bản
mới nhất
14.0 (23A344) [±]
Đối tượng
tiếp thị
Máy tính cá nhân
Phương thức
cập nhật
Nền tảng
Loại nhânHybrid (XNU)
Giao diện
mặc định
Aqua (Graphical)
Giấy phépPhần mềm thương mại, Phần mềm sở hữu độc quyền
Sản phẩm trướcMac OS cổ điển
Website
chính thức
Website chính thức Sửa đổi này tại Wikidata
Trạng thái hỗ trợ
Đang hỗ trợ

macOS /ˌmæk ˈɛs/,[3] (trước đây là OS X và ban đầu là Mac OS X) là hệ điều hành dựa trên Unix, được phát triển và phân phối bởi Apple Inc. kể từ 2001. Đây là hệ điều hành chính cho máy tính Mac. Trong thị trường PC và Laptop thì đây là hệ điều hành phổ biến thứ nhì, chỉ sau Windows.

macOS là hệ điều hành kế nhiệm của Mac OS cổ điển, cũng là hệ điều hành Mac với 9 phiên bản từ 1984 cho đến 1999. Trong quãng thời gian đó, người đồng sáng lập Apple là Steve Jobs đã rời công ty và khởi nghiệp công ty của ông, NeXT, và phát triển hệ điều hành NeXTSTEP mà sau này Apple mua lại để hình thành nền tảng của macOS.

Sự nổi bật trong tên ban đầu của macOS chính là việc sử dụng số La Mã X ("ten") trong Mac OS X hay iPhone X, đi kèm với đặt tên mã các phiên bản theo các loài mèo lớn, hay đặt theo các thắng cảnh ở trong California. Apple rút ngắn tên hệ điều hành thành OS X vào 2011, rồi đặt lại tên thành macOS để đi liền với tên của các hệ điều hành khác của Apple, iOS, IPadOS, tvOS, và watchOS. Sau 16 bản macOS 10 khác nhau, macOS Big Sur được đề là bản 11 vào 2020, tiếp tục lên đến bản hiện tại, macOS 13.

macOS đã hỗ trợ tới ba loại kiến trúc khác nhau của các bộ vi xử lý, bắt đầu từ PowerPC năm 1999. Vào năm 2006, Apple chuyển sang bộ vi xử lý của Intel, từ đó ra mắt loạt máy Mac dựa trên Intel. Năm 2020, Apple chuyển tiếp sang Apple Silicon, sử dụng bộ vi xử lý M1 dựa trên ARM 64-bit được thiết kế bởi Apple trên các dòng máy Mac hiện tại.

History

Development

The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, before being launched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD.[4] Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language.

Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, but all were eventually abandoned.[5] This led Apple to acquire NeXT in 1997, allowing NeXTSTEP, later called OPENSTEP, to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system.[6] This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. The project was first code named "Rhapsody" and then officially named Mac OS X.[7][8]

Mac OS X

Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers until 2020. The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral, and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X".[9][10] Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the classic Mac OS) were named using Arabic numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9.[11][9] Until macOS 11 Big Sur, all versions of the operating system were given version numbers of the form 10.x, with x going from 0 to 15; with macOS 11 Big Sur, Apple switched to numbering major releases with numbers that increase by 1 with every major release.

The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS, though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance.

The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface, but criticizing it for sluggish performance.[12] With Apple's popularity at a low, the maker of FrameMaker, Adobe Inc., declined to develop new versions of it for Mac OS X.[13] Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as "dog-slow, feature poor" and Aqua as "unbearably slow and a huge resource hog".[12][14][15]

Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X.[16] Siracusa's review of version 10.3, Panther, noted "It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases."[17] Version 10.4, Tiger, reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance.[18]

As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the classic Mac OS, with applications being added and removed.[19] Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac, including iTunes and GarageBand.[20] Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the iLife suite, integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser. With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the .Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products. It later began selling third-party applications through the Mac App Store.

Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance, or non-pinstriped title bar appearance in version 10.4.[21] In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style.[22][23]

In 2006, the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.[24]

A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS" and then iOS. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.[25] However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.[26]

In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs.[27] It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of Mac OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support.[28] The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features' release.[29] Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El Capitan, macOS High Sierra, and macOS Monterey) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the 'tick–tock model' used by Intel.

In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain Lion, Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.[14] This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard.[30] In addition, with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones."[31]

OS X

OS X logo from 2011 to 2013

In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, the name of the system was officially shortened from Mac OS X to OS X, after the previous version shortened the system name in a similar fashion a year prior. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, Scott Forstall, and design was changed towards a more minimal direction.[32] Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, OS X 10.9 Mavericks, was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged.[33] The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite, adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse.[34]

From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards.[35] Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features.[36] Apple's 2015 update, OS X 10.11 El Capitan, was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.[37]

macOS

macOS logo

In 2016, with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra, the name was changed from OS X to macOS to align it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.[38] macOS Sierra added Siri, iCloud Drive, picture-in-picture support, a Night Shift mode that switches the display to warmer colors at night, and two Continuity features: Universal Clipboard, which syncs a user's clipboard across their Apple devices, and Auto Unlock, which can unlock a user's Mac with their Apple Watch. macOS Sierra also adds support for the Apple File System (APFS), Apple's successor to the dated HFS+ file system.[39][40][41] macOS 10.13 High Sierra, released in 2017, included performance improvements, Metal 2 and HEVC support, and made APFS the default file system for SSD boot drives.[42]

Its successor, macOS 10.14 Mojave, was released in 2018, adding a dark user interface option and a dynamic wallpaper setting.[43] It was succeeded by macOS 10.15 Catalina in 2019, which replaces iTunes with separate apps for different types of media, and introduces the Catalyst system for porting iOS apps.[44]

In 2020, Apple previewed macOS 11 Big Sur at the WWDC 2020. This was the first increment in the primary version number of macOS since the release of Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000; updates to macOS 11 were given 11.x numbers, matching the version numbering scheme used by Apple's other operating systems. Big Sur brought major changes to the UI and was the first version to run on the ARM instruction set.[45] The new numbering system was continued in 2021 with macOS 12 Monterey, 2022 with macOS 13 Ventura, and 2023 with macOS 14 Sonoma.

Features

Aqua user interface

One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology.[46] ColorSync, a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals.[47] Also, drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets (dialog boxes attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options.

The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0's "Platinum" appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks."[48] Bruce Tognazzini (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface.[49][50] Third-party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design.[51]

Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution Retina displays, and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.[52][53][54]

The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.[55] In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme, a component of Quartz. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices.[47] As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features.[56] Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs.[57]

Components

The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.[58][59] Quick Look has been part of the Finder since version 10.5. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight, a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4, allows rapid real-time searches of data files; mail messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) or content.[60][61] macOS makes use of a Dock, which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows.

Apple added Exposé in version 10.3 (called Mission Control since version 10.7), a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.[62] FileVault is optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128).[63]

Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator, an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks;[64] Dashboard, a full-screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke;[65] and Front Row, a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote.[66] Sync Services allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency.[67]

All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the Cover Flow view, a three-dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;[68] an automatic backup technology called Time Machine, which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data;[69] and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.[70]

In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font.[71][72] Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text.[73] Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS, its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri, which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS.[74][75]

Multilingual support

There are 39 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.[76] Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language.[77] Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China.[78][79][80][81]

Updating methods

macOS can be updated using the Software Update settings pane in System Settings or the softwareupdate command line utility. Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, a separate Software Update application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application. In macOS 10.14 Mojave, the updating function was moved again to the Software Update settings pane.

Most Macs receive six or seven years of macOS updates. After a new major release of macOS, the previous two releases still receive occasional updates, but many security vulnerabilities are only patched in the latest macOS release.[82]

Release history

Rhapsody (operating system)Mac OS X Server 1.0Mac OS X Public BetaMac OS X 10.0Mac OS X 10.1Mac OS X JaguarMac OS X PantherMac OS X TigerMac OS X LeopardMac OS X Snow LeopardMac OS X LionOS X Mountain LionOS X MavericksOS X YosemiteOS X El CapitanmacOS SierramacOS High SierramacOS MojavemacOS CatalinamacOS Big SurmacOS MontereymacOS VenturamacOS Sonoma
Timeline of versions

Mac OS X versions were named after big cats, with the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, from Mac OS X 10.0 until OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using California locations. Prior to its release, version 10.0 was code named internally at Apple as "Cheetah" , and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system. Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", Mac OS X 10.4 as "Tiger", Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard", Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", Mac OS X 10.7 as "Lion", OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion", and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks".

"Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered as trademarks of Apple,[83][84][85] but "Cheetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.[86][87] Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005, a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark.[88]

Mac OS X Public Beta

On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95[89] "preview" version of Mac OS X, internally codenamed Kodiak, to gain feedback from users.

The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.[90]

Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah)

On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).[91] The initial version was slow,[92] incomplete,[93] and had very few applications available at launch, mostly from independent developers.[94] While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve.[93] Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment,[93] for attempts to overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks.

Mac OS X 10.1 (Puma)

Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.[95] On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.[96]

Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

On August 23, 2002,[97] Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.[98] It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple[99]), including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat.[100] The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2.[101]

Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

Mac OS X v10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. It significantly improved performance and incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added video conferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability.[102] Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.[103]

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.[104] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built-in FireWire port.[105] Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.[106] On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.[107]

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features.[108] Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed,[109] full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.[110][111] Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications.[112] It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.[113]

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user-friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web browser. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of RAM, and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).[114]

Snow Leopard also featured new 64-bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM, improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch, and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.[115]

The 10.6.6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications.

OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone West.

OS X 10.7 Lion

OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.[116]

Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are used, and Mission Control which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.[117] Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default.[118]

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.[119] Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely aligned with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud.[120] Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Mail, Contacts and Calendar, Youku, Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets.[81]

Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the App Store.[121] This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.[122]

OS X 10.9 Mavericks

OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64-bit Intel processor.[123] Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS-only Maps and iBooks applications, improvements to the Notification Center, enhancements to several applications, and many under-the-hood improvements.[124]

OS X 10.10 Yosemite

OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7, intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors.[125] Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3, Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture.[126]

OS X 10.11 El Capitan

OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as emphasizing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance".[127] Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection.

The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".[128] According to Apple, Metal accelerates system-level rendering by up to 50 percent, resulting in faster graphics performance for everyday apps. Metal also delivers up to 10 times faster draw call performance for more fluid experience in games and pro apps.[129]

macOS 10.12 Sierra

macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.[130][131]

macOS 10.13 High Sierra

macOS 10.13 High Sierra was released to the public on September 25, 2017.[132] Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features visible to the user, including updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.[133]

The major change under the hood is the switch to the Apple File System, optimized for the solid-state storage used in most new Mac computers.[134]

macOS 10.14 Mojave

macOS 10.14 Mojave was released on September 24, 2018.[43] The update introduced a system-wide dark mode and several new apps lifted from iOS, such as Apple News. It was the first version to require a GPU that supports Metal. Mojave also changed the system software update mechanism from the App Store (where it had been since OS X Mountain Lion) to a new panel in System Preferences. App updates remain in the App Store.

macOS 10.15 Catalina

macOS 10.15 Catalina was released on October 7, 2019.[135] Updates included enhanced voice control, and bundled apps for music, video, and podcasts that together replace the functions of iTunes, and the ability to use an iPad as an external monitor. Catalina officially dropped support for 32-bit applications.[136]

macOS 11 Big Sur

macOS Big Sur was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020,[137] and it was made available to the general public on November 12, 2020. This is the first time the major version number of the operating system has been incremented since the Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000. It brings ARM support,[138] new icons, and aesthetic user interface changes to the system.[139]

macOS 12 Monterey

macOS Monterey was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 7, 2021, and released on October 25, 2021, introducing Universal Control (which allows input devices to be used with multiple devices simultaneously), Focus (which allows selectively limiting notifications and alerts depending on user-defined user/work modes), Shortcuts (a task automation framework previously only available on iOS and iPadOS expected to replace Automator), a redesigned Safari Web browser, and updates and improvements to FaceTime.[140]

macOS 13 Ventura

macOS Ventura was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 6, 2022[141] and released on October 24, 2022.[142] It came with the redesigned System Preferences to a more iOS-like settings, and now with the new Weather and Clock app for Mac. Users can use an iPhone as a webcam for video conferencing.

macOS 14 Sonoma

macOS Sonoma was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 5, 2023. It was released on September 26, 2023.[143]

Security

Apple publishes Apple Platform Security documents to lay out the security protections built into macOS and Mac hardware.[144]

macOS supports additional hardware-based security features on Apple silicon Macs:[145]

macOS's optional Lockdown Mode enables additional protections, such as disabling just-in-time compilation for Safari's JavaScript engine, preventing some vulnerabilities.[147]

Only the latest major release of macOS (currently macOS Sonoma) receives patches for all known security vulnerabilities. The previous two releases receive some security updates, but not for all vulnerabilities known to Apple. In 2021, Apple fixed a critical privilege escalation vulnerability in macOS Big Sur, but a fix remained unavailable for the previous release, macOS Catalina, for 234 days, until Apple was informed that the vulnerability was being used to infect the computers of people who visited Hong Kong pro-democracy websites.[148][149]

macOS Ventura added support for Rapid Security Response (RSR) updates. These smaller updates may require a reboot, but take less than a minute to install.[150][151] In an analysis, Hackintosh developer Mykola Grymalyuk noted that RSR updates can only fix userland vulunerability, and cannot patch the macOS kernel.[152]

Malware and spyware

In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users.[153][154][155] macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows.[156] Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware.[157] Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks.[158] In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks,[159] and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard was seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions installed without user input.[160] Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.[161][162] Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly,[163] as well as signature files containing malware signatures for Xprotect, an anti-malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.[164]

Reception

Usage share

Tính đến tháng 1 năm 2023, macOS is the second-most widely used general-purpose desktop operating system used on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows, with a 15.33% usage share according to statistics compiled by Statcounter GlobalStats.[165]

Promotion

As a device company, Apple has mostly promoted macOS to sell Macs, with promotion of macOS updates focused on existing users, promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and comparing Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long-awaited Windows Vista operating system.[166][167]

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