Nam Levant

Nam Levant là một khu vực địa lý bao gồm nửa phía nam của Levant. Lãnh thổ tương ứng với Israel, Palestine và Jordan thời hiện đại; một số định nghĩa khác bao gồm miền nam Liban, miền nam Syria và bán đảo Sinai. Đây là một cách mô tả về mặt địa lý được sử dụng nghiêm ngặt, đôi khi nó được sử dụng bởi các nhà khảo cổ và sử gia để tránh các ý nghĩa tôn giáo và chính trị của các tên khác cho khu vực này.

Giống như phần lớn Tây Nam Á, Nam Levant là một khu vực khô cằn chủ yếu là sa mạc và thảo nguyên khô, với một dải đất hẹp khí hậu ôn hòa hơn dọc theo bờ biển Địa Trung Hải. Về mặt địa lý, vùng này bị chia cắt bởi Thung lũng Jordan, một phần của Thung lũng tách giãn lớn chia cắt khu vực từ bắc xuống nam và bao bọc biển hồ Galilee, sông Jordan và Biển chết - điểm thấp nhất trên bề mặt Trái đất.

Nam Levant có một lịch sử lâu dài và là một trong những khu vực trên thế giới được các nhà khảo cổ học nghiên cứu kỹ lưỡng nhất. Nó được coi là nơi đầu tiên mà cả người vượn đầu và người hiện đại xâm chiếm bên ngoài châu Phi. Do đó, nó có một khảo cổ học thời đại đồ đá phong phú, kéo dài từ 1,5 triệu năm trước. Với một trong những địa điểm sớm nhất cho các khu định cư đô thị của con người, nó cũng tương ứng với các phần phía tây của Lưỡi liềm Màu mỡ.

Nam Levant đề cập đến nửa lãnh thổ phía nam của Levant nhưng có một số phương sai về định nghĩa địa lý, với định nghĩa rộng nhất bao gồm Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, miền nam Syria và Sinai.^[1] Trong lĩnh vực khảo cổ học, miền nam Levant là "khu vực trước đây được xác định là Syria-Palestine và bao gồm cả Canaan".^[2]

Nhiều học giả nghiên cứu khảo cổ học của khu vực đã sử dụng thuật ngữ Levant (bao gồm nửa phía bắc và phía nam) là "thuật ngữ lựa chọn" do nó là một "thuật ngữ rộng lớn hơn và có liên quan", không có "âm mưu chính trị" cho quan niệm Syria-Palestine.^[2] Một cuộc khảo sát ở Bắc Mỹ cho thấy "nhấn mạnh và phạm vi của quan niệm này là miền nam Levant, một khu vực trước đây được xác định là Syria-Palestine bao gồm cả Canaan", quan niệm này được đồng thuận bởi hầu hết các tiến sĩ hiện đại, họ sử dụng thuật ngữ 'Israel' và 'Canaan'.^[2]

Thuật ngữ "Nam Levant" cũng bị chỉ trích là không chính xác^[3] và là một cái tên khó phân xử.^[4]^[5] Thuật ngữ Nam Levant đã được mô tả trong diễn ngôn học thuật như một cách mô tả "ít nhất là thuật ngữ địa lý chặt chẽ" của khu vực, tránh các ý nghĩa tôn giáo và chính trị của các tên như "Canaan", "Thánh địa", "Đất đai của Israel", hoặc "Palestine".^[4]

Tham khảo[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

^ Levy, Thomas E.; Najjar, Mohammad; Higham, Thomas (2010). “Ancient texts and archaeology revisited – radiocarbon and Biblical dating in the southern Levant”. Antiquity. 84 (325): 834–847. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00100250. ISSN 1745-1744. One of the world's 'hot spots' for this kind of historically-led archaeology is still the southern Levant – the region that includes Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, southern Syria and the Sinai Desert.
^ ^a ^b ^c Burke, Aaron A. (2016). “The Transformation of Biblical and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology”. Trong Levy, Thomas Evan (biên tập). Historical Biblical Archaeology and the Future: The New Pragmatism (bằng tiếng Anh). Routledge. ISBN 9781134937530. Much work continues to be done in these regions, and not surprisingly this work is now of great interest to those studying the southern Levant (i.e. the region formerly identified as Syria-Palestine and including Canaan) [...] Nevertheless, despite such a well-reasoned basis for the identification of Levantine archaeology, the adoption of this term by many scholars has been, for the most part, simply the result of individual attempts to consider a wider, yet relevant, cultural corpus than that which is suggested by the use of terms like Canaan, Israel, or even Syria-Palestine. Regardless of the manner in which the term has come into common use, for a couple of additional reasons it seems clear that the Levant will remain the term of choice. In the first place scholars have shown a penchant for the term Levant, despite the fact that the term ‘Syria-Palestine’ has been advocated since the late 1970s. This is evident from the fact that no journal or series today has adopted a title that includes ‘Syria-Palestine’. However, the journal Levant has been published since 1969 and since 1990 Ägypten und Levante has also attracted a plethora of papers relating to the archaeology of this region. Furthermore, a search through any electronic database of titles reveals an overwhelming adoption of the term ‘Levant’ when compared to ‘Syria-Palestine’ for archaeological studies. Undoubtedly, this is mostly due to the fact that ‘Syria-Palestine’ is, correctly speaking, the title for a Roman administrative division of the Levant created by Hadrian (Millar 1993). The term ‘Syria-Palestine’ also carries political overtones that inadvertently evoke current efforts to establish a full-fledged Palestinian state. Scholars have recognized, therefore, that—for at least the time being—they can spare themselves further headaches by adopting the term Levant to identify this region.
^ “Note éditoriale” [Editorial remarks]. Paléorient. 19 (1). 1993. In gathering contributions for the present issue, it soon became apparent - and this is a generally valid point - that imprecise terminology is one of the major difficulties encountered in our research. An example is the term "Southern Levant" used as a substitute for the geographers’ "Palestine". The use of this term hides the particularism of the regions on either side of the Jordan Valley just when the discoveries of the last decade have highlighted their specificity. The lack of precision traditional terminology (agriculture, herding, pastoralism, neolithic, etc.) applied to the complex phenomena that we are studying constantly leads to misunderstandings.
^ ^a ^b de Geus, C. H. J. (2003). Towns in Ancient Israel and in the Southern Levant. Palaestina Antiqua 10. Peeters Publishers. tr. 6. ISBN 9789042912694. At the beginning of this Introduction I have indicated how difficult it is to choose a general accepted name for the region this book deals with. In Europe we are used to the late Roman name 'Palestine,' and the designation 'Palestinian Archaeology' has a long history. According to Byzantine usage it included CisJordan and TransJordan and even Lebanon and Sinai. In modern times, however, the name 'Palestine' has exclusively become the political designation for a restricted area. Furthermore, in the period this book deals with a region called 'Palestine' did not yet exist. Also the ancient name 'Canaan' cannot be used as it refers to an older period in history. Designations as: 'The Land(s) of the Bible' or 'the Hold Land' evoke the suspicion of a theological bias. 'The Land of Israel' does not apply to the situation because it never included Lebanon or the greater part of modern Jordan. Therefore I have joined those who today advocate the designation 'Southern Levant.' Although I confess that it is an awkward name, it is at least strictly geographical.
^ Arnold, Bill T. (2014). Introduction to the Old Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. tr. 37. ISBN 9780521879651. What we call the land of the Bible today has potential for misunderstanding. This small strip of land in the Southern Levant has been occupied by so many, fought over and carved up so many times, that it is hard to know just what to call it. The use of 'Israel' implies to some that all of it belongs today only to the Jews as legitimate descendants of OT Israel. Similarly, 'Palestine' has a longstanding usage, but may imply that all of it belongs to Palestinian Arabs exclusively. Both of these terms could be used strictly for geography. But because of the contemporary Israeli-Palestinian conflict, both terms also may introduce misunderstanding. And biblical scholars have no universal agreement on this topic. 'Syria-Palestine' is often used, as here, for geographical precision. But it is only the southern portion of Syria-Palestine that was occupied by ancient Israel, and it does not always communicate sufficiently. 'Canaan' is an ancient name, but it also is not exactly conterminous with the land occupied by ancient Israel. I have used 'Southern Levant' occasionally here but admit that this is a strange expression. l will most often refer simply to 'Israel,' by which I mean the territory of national Israel in the OT, but hope the reader will understand no modern political claims by this use.

[Levy_et_al_2010-1] Levy, Thomas E.; Najjar, Mohammad; Higham, Thomas (2010). “Ancient texts and archaeology revisited – radiocarbon and Biblical dating in the southern Levant”. Antiquity. 84 (325): 834–847. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00100250. ISSN 1745-1744. One of the world's 'hot spots' for this kind of historically-led archaeology is still the southern Levant – the region that includes Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, southern Syria and the Sinai Desert.

[:0-2] Burke, Aaron A. (2016). “The Transformation of Biblical and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology”. Trong Levy, Thomas Evan (biên tập). Historical Biblical Archaeology and the Future: The New Pragmatism (bằng tiếng Anh). Routledge. ISBN 9781134937530. Much work continues to be done in these regions, and not surprisingly this work is now of great interest to those studying the southern Levant (i.e. the region formerly identified as Syria-Palestine and including Canaan) [...] Nevertheless, despite such a well-reasoned basis for the identification of Levantine archaeology, the adoption of this term by many scholars has been, for the most part, simply the result of individual attempts to consider a wider, yet relevant, cultural corpus than that which is suggested by the use of terms like Canaan, Israel, or even Syria-Palestine. Regardless of the manner in which the term has come into common use, for a couple of additional reasons it seems clear that the Levant will remain the term of choice. In the first place scholars have shown a penchant for the term Levant, despite the fact that the term ‘Syria-Palestine’ has been advocated since the late 1970s. This is evident from the fact that no journal or series today has adopted a title that includes ‘Syria-Palestine’. However, the journal Levant has been published since 1969 and since 1990 Ägypten und Levante has also attracted a plethora of papers relating to the archaeology of this region. Furthermore, a search through any electronic database of titles reveals an overwhelming adoption of the term ‘Levant’ when compared to ‘Syria-Palestine’ for archaeological studies. Undoubtedly, this is mostly due to the fact that ‘Syria-Palestine’ is, correctly speaking, the title for a Roman administrative division of the Levant created by Hadrian (Millar 1993). The term ‘Syria-Palestine’ also carries political overtones that inadvertently evoke current efforts to establish a full-fledged Palestinian state. Scholars have recognized, therefore, that—for at least the time being—they can spare themselves further headaches by adopting the term Levant to identify this region.

[3] “Note éditoriale” [Editorial remarks]. Paléorient. 19 (1). 1993. In gathering contributions for the present issue, it soon became apparent - and this is a generally valid point - that imprecise terminology is one of the major difficulties encountered in our research. An example is the term "Southern Levant" used as a substitute for the geographers’ "Palestine". The use of this term hides the particularism of the regions on either side of the Jordan Valley just when the discoveries of the last decade have highlighted their specificity. The lack of precision traditional terminology (agriculture, herding, pastoralism, neolithic, etc.) applied to the complex phenomena that we are studying constantly leads to misunderstandings.

[:1-4] Geus, C. H. J. (2003). Towns in Ancient Israel and in the Southern Levant. Palaestina Antiqua 10. Peeters Publishers. tr. 6. ISBN 9789042912694. At the beginning of this Introduction I have indicated how difficult it is to choose a general accepted name for the region this book deals with. In Europe we are used to the late Roman name 'Palestine,' and the designation 'Palestinian Archaeology' has a long history. According to Byzantine usage it included CisJordan and TransJordan and even Lebanon and Sinai. In modern times, however, the name 'Palestine' has exclusively become the political designation for a restricted area. Furthermore, in the period this book deals with a region called 'Palestine' did not yet exist. Also the ancient name 'Canaan' cannot be used as it refers to an older period in history. Designations as: 'The Land(s) of the Bible' or 'the Hold Land' evoke the suspicion of a theological bias. 'The Land of Israel' does not apply to the situation because it never included Lebanon or the greater part of modern Jordan. Therefore I have joined those who today advocate the designation 'Southern Levant.' Although I confess that it is an awkward name, it is at least strictly geographical.

[5] Arnold, Bill T. (2014). Introduction to the Old Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. tr. 37. ISBN 9780521879651. What we call the land of the Bible today has potential for misunderstanding. This small strip of land in the Southern Levant has been occupied by so many, fought over and carved up so many times, that it is hard to know just what to call it. The use of 'Israel' implies to some that all of it belongs today only to the Jews as legitimate descendants of OT Israel. Similarly, 'Palestine' has a longstanding usage, but may imply that all of it belongs to Palestinian Arabs exclusively. Both of these terms could be used strictly for geography. But because of the contemporary Israeli-Palestinian conflict, both terms also may introduce misunderstanding. And biblical scholars have no universal agreement on this topic. 'Syria-Palestine' is often used, as here, for geographical precision. But it is only the southern portion of Syria-Palestine that was occupied by ancient Israel, and it does not always communicate sufficiently. 'Canaan' is an ancient name, but it also is not exactly conterminous with the land occupied by ancient Israel. I have used 'Southern Levant' occasionally here but admit that this is a strange expression. l will most often refer simply to 'Israel,' by which I mean the territory of national Israel in the OT, but hope the reader will understand no modern political claims by this use.

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