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Phiên bản lúc 07:19, ngày 10 tháng 6 năm 2020

Marginal seas as defined by the Tổ chức Hàng hải Quốc tế

This is a list of seas – large divisions of the Đại dương thế giới, including areas of water, variously gulfs, bights, bays, and straits.


Terminology

There are several terms used for bulges of ocean that result from indentations of land, which overlap in definition, and which are not consistently differentiated:[10]

  • Vịnh – generic term; though most features with "Bay" in the name are small, some are very large
  • Wikt:Gulf – a very large bay, often a top-level division of an ocean or sea
  • Fjord – a long bay with steep sides, typically formed by a Sông băng
  • Bight (geography) – a bay that is typically shallower than a sound
  • Sound (geography) – a large, wide bay which is typically deeper than a bight, or a strait
  • Vịnh nhỏ – a very small, typically sheltered bay
  • Polynya – Least used out of all, Patch of water surrounded by ice

Many features could be considered to be more than one of these, and all of these terms are used in Địa danh học inconsistently; especially bays, gulfs, and bights, which can be very large or very small. This list includes large areas of water no matter the term used in the name.

Marginal seas

Sources differ over which seas are considered marginal seas as well as which ocean a given sea is considered a marginal part of. There is no single ultimate authority on the matter.[11]

Đại Tây Dương

In addition to the marginal seas listed in the three sub-sections below, the Bắc Băng Dương itself is sometimes also considered a marginal sea of the Atlantic.[12][13]

The Americas

(coast-wise north to south)

Africa and Eurasia

The Norwegian Sea
Aegean, Adriatic, Ionian, and Tyrrhenian seas

Northern islands

The Irish Sea

(east to west)

Bắc Băng Dương

(clockwise from 180°)

Nam Đại Dương

Ấn Độ Dương

The Arabian Sea as a marginal sea of the Ấn Độ Dương.

Thái Bình Dương

Coral Sea

Americas

Asia and Oceania

Defined by currents

Proposed

Not included

Entities called "seas" which are not divisions of the World Ocean are not included in this list. Excluded are:

Những thực thể khác không bao gồm:

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Ghi chú

  1. ^ There is no accepted technical definition of sea among oceanographers. A rather weak definition is that a sea is a subdivision of an ocean, which means that it must have Bồn trũng đại dương crust on its floor. This definition, for example, accepts the Biển Caspi, which was once part of an ancient ocean, as a sea.[1] The Introduction to Marine Biology defines a sea as a "landlocked" body of water, adding that the term "sea" is only one of convenience, but the book is written by marine biologists, not oceanographers.[2] The Glossary of Mapping Sciences similarly states that the boundaries between seas and other bodies of water are arbitrary.[3]
  2. ^ According to this definition, the Caspian would be excluded as it is legally an "international lake".[9]
  3. ^ a b c d e f Proposed names to the IHO 2002 draft. This draft was never approved by the IHO (or any other organization), and the 1953 IHO document (which does not contain these names which mostly originated from 1962 onward) remains currently in force.[15] Leading geographic authorities and atlases do not use these names, including the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the Hội Địa lý Quốc gia (Hoa Kỳ) and the 2014 12th edition of the Times Atlas of the World. But Soviet and Russian-issued state maps do include them.[16][17]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Conforti, B; Bravo, Luigi Ferrari (2005). The Italian Yearbook of International Law 2004. ISBN 9789004150270.
  2. ^ Karleskint, George; Turner, Richard L; Small, James W (2009). Introduction to Marine Biology. ISBN 9780495561972.
  3. ^ The Glossary of the Mapping Sciences – Google Books. 1994. ISBN 9780784475706. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 4 năm 2013.
  4. ^ American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (1994). Glossary of the mapping sciences. ASCE Publications. tr. 469. ISBN 978-0-7844-0050-0. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 12 năm 2010.
  5. ^ “What's the difference between an ocean and a sea?”. Oceanservice.noaa.gov. 11 tháng 1 năm 2013. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 4 năm 2013.
  6. ^ Vukas, B (2004). The Law of the Sea: Selected Writings. ISBN 9789004138636.
  7. ^ Gupta, Manoj (2010). Indian Ocean Region: Maritime Regimes for Regional Cooperation. ISBN 9781441959898.
  8. ^ “Discover The Seven Seas of the Earth”. Geography.about.com. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 4 năm 2013.
  9. ^ Gokay, Bulent (2001). The Politics of Caspian Oil. ISBN 9780333739730.
  10. ^ “gulf – coastal feature”.
  11. ^ Wang, James C. F. (1992). Handbook on Ocean Politics & Law. Greenwood Publishing Group. tr. 14. ISBN 978-0-313-26434-4.
  12. ^ James C. F. Wang (1992). Handbook on ocean politics & law. Greenwood Publishing Group. tr. 14–. ISBN 9780313264344. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 12 năm 2010.
  13. ^ Longhurt, Alan R. (2007). Ecological Geography of the Sea. Academic Press. tr. 104. ISBN 978-0-12-455521-1.
  14. ^ a b c often treated as part of Địa Trung Hải
  15. ^ “Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd (currently in-force) edition” (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 8 tháng 10 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 2015.
  16. ^ Антарктида, rubricon.com/ (map)
  17. ^ “Антарктида”. gturs.com. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 9 năm 2015. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 6 năm 2015. (map)

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