Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Virginia Bolten”
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== Tiểu sử == |
== Tiểu sử == |
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Virginia Bolten, the daughter of a German emigrant, was born in 1870 in Argentina, either in San Luis or San Juan. She spent her childhood in [[San Juan Province (Argentina)|San Juan, a province of Argentina]]. After reaching adulthood she worked as a shoemaker and a sugar factory worker. While working as a shoemaker she met Juan Marquez, an organiser of a shoe workers union, whom she later married.<ref name="libcom">{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/history/bolten-virginia-1870-1960-aka-%E2%80%9Cla-luisa-michel-rosarino%E2%80%9D-louise-michel-rosario|title=Biography of Virginia Bolten|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> Instrumental in her introduction to anarchist circles was her acquaintance with [[Pietro Gori]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Marifran|title=Feminismo!: the woman's movement in Argentina from its beginnings to Eva Perón|publisher=Academy Chicago Publishers|date=1988|pages=127|isbn=978-0-89733-152-4}}</ref> After a number of years of activity in the feminist, anarchist, and workers' movements, she was deported to [[Uruguay]] under the Residence Law in 1902.<ref name="molyneux"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Molyneux|first=Maxine|others=Jaqueline Cruz (trans.)|title=Movimientos de mujeres en América Latina: estudio teórico comparado|publisher=Universitat de València|date=2003|pages=42|isbn=978-84-376-2086-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pMyk7mG8aMAC&pg=PA42|accessdate=2 February 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
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==Các hoạt động== |
==Các hoạt động== |
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In 1888 Bolten became one of the publishers of ''The Working Baker of Rosario'' ({{lang-es|El Obrero Panadero de Rosario}}), one of the first anarchist newspapers in Argentina. In 1889 she organized the seamstresses' demonstration and consequent strike in [[Rosario]], probably the first strike by female workers in Argentina.<ref name="libcom"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Moya|first=José|title=Women, gender and transnational lives: Italian workers of the world|editor=Donna R. Gabaccia, Franca Iacovetta|publisher=U of Toronto P|date=2002|pages=202|chapter=Italians in Buenos Aires's Anarchist Movement: Gender Ideology and Women's Participation, 1890-1910|isbn=978-0-8020-8462-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AijCtjgmS44C&pg=PA202|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> |
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In 1890 Virginia Bolten, Romulo Ovidi and Francisco Berri were the main organizers of the first [[May Day]] demonstrations. The other editors of ''The Working Baker of Rosario'' had an equally important role in the organization of the demonstrations.<ref name="libcom"/> On April 30, 1890 (the day before the demonstrations), she was detained and interrogated, by local police forces, for distributing leaflets outside the major factories of the area. During the May Day demonstrations she led a group of thousands of workers who were marching to [[Plaza Lopez]], the main square of [[Montevideo]], the capital city of Uruguay. Throughout the march she carried the [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]], on which was written "First Of May - Universal Fraternity" ({{lang-es|Primero de Mayo - Fraternidad Universal; Los trabajadores de Rosario cumplimos las disposiciones del Comité Obrero Internacional de París}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mujereshoy.com/secciones/2907.shtml|title=Anarquistas: “Ni Dios, Ni Patrón, Ni Marido”|last=Portugal|first=Ana Maria|date=8 March 2005|publisher=Mujeres Hoy|language=Spanish|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museodelaciudad.org.ar/virginia-bolten.pdf|title=Museo de la Ciudad|language=Spanish|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> |
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===''La Voz de la Mujer''=== |
===''La Voz de la Mujer''=== |
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Bolten is probably responsible for the publication of a newspaper called ''[[La Voz de la Mujer]]'' ({{lang-en|The Woman's Voice}}), which was published nine times in Rosario between 8 January 1896 and 1 January 1897, and was revived, briefly, in 1901. A similar paper with the same name was reportedly published later in [[Montevideo]], which suggests that Bolten may also have founded and edited it after her deportation.<ref name="molyneux">{{cite book|last=Molyneux|first=Maxine|title=Women's movements in international perspective: Latin America and beyond|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|date=2001|pages=24|isbn=978-0-333-78677-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yg9HFrOG89kC&pg=PA24}}</ref> |
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===''La Nueva Senda''=== |
===''La Nueva Senda''=== |
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In Uruguay, Bolten continued her activism, publishing a newspaper called ''La Nueva Senda'' ({{lang-en|The New Path}}) from 1909 to 1910.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ehrick|first=Christine|title=The shield of the weak: feminism and the State in Uruguay, 1903-1933|publisher=UNM Press|date=2005|pages=61|isbn=978-0-8263-3468-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jWM6fa5MAi4C&pg=PA61|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> |
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===Các ấn phẩm khác=== |
===Các ấn phẩm khác=== |
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She published many articles in [[anarchist-communist]] journals and newspapers, the most notable of which were ''La Protesta'' and ''La Protesta Humana''. |
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==Di sản== |
==Di sản== |
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===Phim=== |
===Phim=== |
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In 2007 the government of the [[San Luis Province]] in Argentina decided to fund a film honoring Virginia Bolten.<ref name="pagina"/> The film focuses mainly on Bolten's life, [[anarchist feminism]] and the social conditions, which led to the publication of ''La Voz de la Mujer''. It is titled ''No god, No master, no husband'' ({{lang-es|Ni dios, ni patrón, ni marido}}) after one of the newspaper's mottos<ref name="pagina">{{cite web|url=http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9-10516-2007-10-03.html|title=Film Adaptation of Virginia Bolten's activities|date=October 3, 2007|publisher=Pagina 12|language=Spanish|accessdate=2 February 2010|location=Argentina}}</ref> and Virginia Bolten is played by [[Julieta Díaz]]. The film, which will be released on April 29, 2010, in Argentina, was directed by the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] director [[Laura Mañá]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1563675/|title=Ni dios, ni patrón, ni marido|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> |
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== Chú thích == |
== Chú thích == |
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Phiên bản lúc 18:42, ngày 13 tháng 5 năm 2016
Virginia Bolten | |
|---|---|
 Chân dung Virginia Bolten | |
| Sinh | 1870 San Luis, Argentina hoặc có thể là San Juan |
| Mất | 1960 Montevideo, Uruguay |
| Nổi tiếng vì | xuất bản báo theo chủ nghĩa vô chính phủ, tổ chức cuộc biểu tình May Day đầu tiên tại Nam Mỹ |
Virginia Bolten (1870–1960) là một người gốc Đức theo chủ nghĩa vô chính phủ là một nhà diễn thuyết có tài,[1][2] cô ban đầu sống tại Argentina, sau đó lưu vong tại Uruguay vào năm 1902.
Tiểu sử
Virginia Bolten, the daughter of a German emigrant, was born in 1870 in Argentina, either in San Luis or San Juan. She spent her childhood in San Juan, a province of Argentina. After reaching adulthood she worked as a shoemaker and a sugar factory worker. While working as a shoemaker she met Juan Marquez, an organiser of a shoe workers union, whom she later married.[3] Instrumental in her introduction to anarchist circles was her acquaintance with Pietro Gori.[4] After a number of years of activity in the feminist, anarchist, and workers' movements, she was deported to Uruguay under the Residence Law in 1902.[1][5]
Các hoạt động
In 1888 Bolten became one of the publishers of The Working Baker of Rosario (tiếng Tây Ban Nha: El Obrero Panadero de Rosario), one of the first anarchist newspapers in Argentina. In 1889 she organized the seamstresses' demonstration and consequent strike in Rosario, probably the first strike by female workers in Argentina.[3][6]
In 1890 Virginia Bolten, Romulo Ovidi and Francisco Berri were the main organizers of the first May Day demonstrations. The other editors of The Working Baker of Rosario had an equally important role in the organization of the demonstrations.[3] On April 30, 1890 (the day before the demonstrations), she was detained and interrogated, by local police forces, for distributing leaflets outside the major factories of the area. During the May Day demonstrations she led a group of thousands of workers who were marching to Plaza Lopez, the main square of Montevideo, the capital city of Uruguay. Throughout the march she carried the red flag, on which was written "First Of May - Universal Fraternity" (tiếng Tây Ban Nha: Primero de Mayo - Fraternidad Universal; Los trabajadores de Rosario cumplimos las disposiciones del Comité Obrero Internacional de París).[7][8]
La Voz de la Mujer
Bolten is probably responsible for the publication of a newspaper called La Voz de la Mujer (tiếng Anh: The Woman's Voice), which was published nine times in Rosario between 8 January 1896 and 1 January 1897, and was revived, briefly, in 1901. A similar paper with the same name was reportedly published later in Montevideo, which suggests that Bolten may also have founded and edited it after her deportation.[1]
La Nueva Senda
In Uruguay, Bolten continued her activism, publishing a newspaper called La Nueva Senda (tiếng Anh: The New Path) from 1909 to 1910.[9]
Các ấn phẩm khác
She published many articles in anarchist-communist journals and newspapers, the most notable of which were La Protesta and La Protesta Humana.
Di sản
Công viên
Puerto Madero, một quận của Buenos Aires, có một công viên mang tên cô.[10]
Phim
In 2007 the government of the San Luis Province in Argentina decided to fund a film honoring Virginia Bolten.[11] The film focuses mainly on Bolten's life, anarchist feminism and the social conditions, which led to the publication of La Voz de la Mujer. It is titled No god, No master, no husband (tiếng Tây Ban Nha: Ni dios, ni patrón, ni marido) after one of the newspaper's mottos[11] and Virginia Bolten is played by Julieta Díaz. The film, which will be released on April 29, 2010, in Argentina, was directed by the Spanish director Laura Mañá.[12]
Chú thích
- ^ a b c Molyneux, Maxine (2001). Women's movements in international perspective: Latin America and beyond. Palgrave MacMillan. tr. 24. ISBN 978-0-333-78677-2. Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ
<ref>không hợp lệ: tên “molyneux” được định rõ nhiều lần, mỗi lần có nội dung khác - ^ Moya, José (2002). “Italians in Buenos Aires's Anarchist Movement: Gender Ideology and Women's Participation, 1890-1910”. Trong Donna R. Gabaccia, Franca Iacovetta (biên tập). Women, gender and transnational lives: Italian workers of the world. U of Toronto P. tr. 195, 205. ISBN 978-0-8020-8462-0. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.
- ^ a b c “Biography of Virginia Bolten”. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.
- ^ Carlson, Marifran (1988). Feminismo!: the woman's movement in Argentina from its beginnings to Eva Perón. Academy Chicago Publishers. tr. 127. ISBN 978-0-89733-152-4.
- ^ Molyneux, Maxine (2003). Movimientos de mujeres en América Latina: estudio teórico comparado (bằng tiếng Spanish). Jaqueline Cruz (trans.). Universitat de València. tr. 42. ISBN 978-84-376-2086-2. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.Quản lý CS1: ngôn ngữ không rõ (liên kết)
- ^ Moya, José (2002). “Italians in Buenos Aires's Anarchist Movement: Gender Ideology and Women's Participation, 1890-1910”. Trong Donna R. Gabaccia, Franca Iacovetta (biên tập). Women, gender and transnational lives: Italian workers of the world. U of Toronto P. tr. 202. ISBN 978-0-8020-8462-0. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.
- ^ Portugal, Ana Maria (8 tháng 3 năm 2005). “Anarquistas: "Ni Dios, Ni Patrón, Ni Marido"” (bằng tiếng Spanish). Mujeres Hoy. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.Quản lý CS1: ngôn ngữ không rõ (liên kết)
- ^ “Museo de la Ciudad” (PDF) (bằng tiếng Spanish). Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.Quản lý CS1: ngôn ngữ không rõ (liên kết)
- ^ Ehrick, Christine (2005). The shield of the weak: feminism and the State in Uruguay, 1903-1933. UNM Press. tr. 61. ISBN 978-0-8263-3468-8. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.
- ^ “Argentina: Caputo, Salvatori associate”. South American Business Information. ngày 6 tháng 12 năm 2000. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.
- ^ a b “Film Adaptation of Virginia Bolten's activities” (bằng tiếng Spanish). Argentina: Pagina 12. 3 tháng 10 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.Quản lý CS1: ngôn ngữ không rõ (liên kết)
- ^ “Ni dios, ni patrón, ni marido”. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 2 năm 2010.
