Thành viên:Thusinhviet/Cờ cầu vồng lục sắc

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Cờ cầu vồng lục sắc là biểu tượng cho niềm kiêu hãnh LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, và transgender) và được phong trào LGBT sử dụng từ thập niên 1970.

Cờ cầu vồng lục sắc, cờ kiêu hãnh đồng tính hay cờ kiêu hãnh LGBT, là biểu tượng cho niềm kiêu hãnh LGBT (đồng tính nữ, đồng tính nam, song tính luyến ái và hoán tính) và phong trào LGBT. Other older uses of rainbow flags include a symbol of peace. Sáu màu của lá cờ tượng trưng cho sự đa dạng của cộng đồng LGBT, lá cờ thường được dùng làm biểu tượng cho kiêu hãnh đồng tính trong các cuộc tuần hành vì quyền lợi của cộng đồng LGBT. Ban đầu, cờ lục sắc chỉ được sử dụng trong khu vực vịnh San Francisco ở phía Bắc California, nay nó đã được dùng rộng rãi toàn cầu.

Nghệ sĩ Gilbert Baker ở San Francisco là người đầu tiên thiết kế lá cờ, kể từ trình diện lần đầu năm 1978, cờ lục sắc đã qua nhiều lần thay đổi thiết kế, bớt một số màu rồi thêm lại do tình trạng thiếu hụt vải màu trên thị trường. Biến thể phổ dụng nhất bao gồm sáu sọc màu: đỏ, cam, vàng, lục, lam, và tím. Lá cờ điển hình được thiết kế theo chiều ngang, sọc đỏ nằm trên giống như trong màu cầu vồng.

Lịch sử

Bản thiết kế ban đầu của Gilbert Baker năm 1978

Màu hồng bị loại bỏ do thiếu vải màu hồng (1978–79)

Phiên bản sáu màu được phổ biến từ năm 1979. Màu chàm và màu ngọc lam được đổi thành màu lam.

Nguồn gốc

Sinh năm 1951, nhà hoạt động công khai đồng tính Gilbert Baker trưởng thành ở Parsons, Kansas, phục vụ quân đội Hoa Kỳ trong hai năm hồi khoảng 1970. After an honorable discharge, Gilbert taught himself to sew. In 1974, Baker met Harvey Milk, an influential gay leader, who three years later challenged Baker to come up with a symbol of pride for the gay community. Ngày 25 tháng 6 năm 1978, cờ kiêu hãnh đồng tính lần đầu bay trong lễ kỷ niệm Gay Freedom Day Parade ở San Francisco. It has also been suggested that Baker may have been inspired by Judy Garland's singing "Over the Rainbow" and the Stonewall riots that happened a few days after Garland's death (she was one of the first gay icons). Another suggestion for how the rainbow flag originated is that at college campuses during the 1960s, some people demonstrated for world peace by carrying a Flag of the Races (also called the Flag of the Human Race) with five horizontal stripes (from top to bottom they were red, white, brown, yellow, and black). The first rainbow flags were commissioned by the fledgling pride committee and were produced by a team led by Baker that included artist Lynn Segerblom. Segerblom was then known as Faerie Argyle Rainbow; she created the original dyeing process for the flags. Baker is said to have gotten the idea for the rainbow flag from the Flag of the Races in borrowing it from the Hippie movement of that time largely influenced by pioneering gay activist Allen Ginsberg. Khởi đầu, lá cờ có tám sọc màu; với mỗi màu, Baker cho biết chúng chứa đựng những ý nghĩa khác nhau:

Hồng		Tình dục
Đỏ		Cuộc sống
Cam		Healing
Vàng		Ánh sáng
Lục		Tự nhiên
Ngọc lam		Magic/Nghệ thuật
Indigo		Serenity
Tím		Tinh thần

Thirty volunteers hand-dyed and stitched the first two flags for the parade.

Từ năm 1978 đến năm 1999

After the assassination of gay San Francisco City Supervisor Harvey Milk on November 27, 1978, demand for the rainbow flag greatly increased. To meet demand, the Paramount Flag Company began selling a version of the flag using stock rainbow fabric with seven stripes: red, orange, yellow, green, turquoise, blue, and violet. As Baker ramped up production of his version of the flag, he too dropped the hot pink stripe because of the unavailability of hot-pink fabric. Also, San Francisco-based Paramount Flag Co. began selling a surplus stock of Rainbow Girls flags from its retail store on the southwest corner of Polk and Post, at which Gilbert Baker was an employee. In 1979 the flag was modified again. When hung vertically from the lamp posts of San Francisco's Market Street, the center stripe was obscured by the post itself. Changing the flag design to one with an even number of stripes was the easiest way to rectify this, so the turquoise stripe was dropped, which resulted in a six stripe version of the flag — red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. In 1989, the rainbow flag came to nationwide attention in the United States after John Stout sued his landlords and won when they attempted to prohibit him from displaying the flag from his West Hollywood, California, apartment balcony.

Mile-long flags

Tập tin:KWRFSeatoSea.JPG

The mile-and-a-quarter-long flag (2 km) stretching across Key West in 2003.

For the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots in 1994, flag creator Baker was commissioned to create the world's largest rainbow flag. It took months of planning and teams of volunteers to coordinate every aspect. The flag utilized the basic six colors and measured 30 foot (9,1 m) wide. Foot-wide (0,30 m) sections of the flag were given to individual sponsors as part of a fundraiser for the Stonewall anniversary event once the event had ended. Afterwards additional large sections of the flag were sent with activists and they were used in pride parades and LGBT marches worldwide. The Guinness Book of World Records confirmed it as the world's largest flag. In 2003 Baker was again commissioned to produce a giant flag. In this case it marked the 25th anniversary of the flag itself. Dubbed "25Rainbow Sea to Sea" the project entailed Baker again working with teams of volunteers but this flag utilized the original eight colors and measured một một phần tư dặm (2,0 km) across Key West, Florida, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. The flag was again cut up afterward, and sections sent to over a hundred cities worldwide.

Thập niên 2000

LGBT pride flag with added star field from the flag of the United States

Năm 2000, trường University of Hawaii at Manoa đổi tên các đổi thể thao của trường từ "Rainbow Warriors" (chiến binh cầu vồng) thành "Warriors" (chiến binh) và tái thiết kế logo nhằm loại bỏ hình ảnh cầu vồng có sẵn trước đó. Thoạt đầu, Giám đốc Thể thao Hugh Yoshida phát biểu sở dĩ có sự thay đổi đó là bởi nhà trường muốn tách biệt chương trình thể thao khỏi biểu tượng đồng tính luyến ái. Vấp phải nhiều chỉ trích, Yoshida phản hồi rằng đây chỉ đơn thuần nhằm trách nhầm lẫn thương hiệu. The school then allowed each team to select its own name, leading to a mix including "Rainbow Warriors", "Warriors", "Rainbows" and "Rainbow Wahine". This decision was reversed in May 2013, when current athletic director Ben Jay reversed his earlier decision in February to force all of the men's athletic teams to be just Warriors from the patchwork of names from dropping the Rainbow Warriors name.

Năm 2003, cờ cầu vồng kỷ niệm 25 năm ngày ra mắt. Trong các chương trình kiểu hãnh đồng tính tổ chức vào tháng 6 năm này, Gilbert Baker khôi phục lại phiên bản đầu tiên với tám sọc màu and advocated that others do the same. He later unveiled his final version with nine-stripes for the 39th anniversary of the first rainbow flag. Reportedly in response to Donald Trump's election, Baker added a ninth stripe in lavender (above the hot pink stripe at the top) to represent diversity. Tuy vậy, cộng đồng đồng tính vẫn tiếp tục sử dụng rộng rãi phiên bản lục sắc.

Mùa thu năm 2004 several gay businesses in London were ordered by Westminster City Council to remove the rainbow flag from their premises, as its display required planning permission. When one shop applied for permission, the Planning sub-committee refused the application on the chair's casting vote (May 19, 2005), a decision condemned by gay councillors in Westminster and the then Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. In November the council announced a reversal of policy, stating that most shops and bars would be allowed to fly the rainbow flag without planning permission. Today some LGBT individuals and straight allies put rainbow flags in the front of their yards or front doors, or use rainbow bumper stickers on their vehicles to use as an outward symbol of their identity or support.

In June 2004 LGBT activists sailed to Australia's uninhabited Coral Sea Islands Territory and raised the rainbow flag, proclaiming the territory independent of Australia, calling it the Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands in protest to the Australian government's refusal to recognise same-sex marriages. The rainbow flag is the official flag of the kingdom.

The White House illuminated in the rainbow flag colors in June 2015

In June 2015, The Museum of Modern Art acquired the rainbow flag symbol as part of its design collection.

On June 26, 2015, the White House was illuminated in the rainbow flag colors to commemorate the legalization of same-sex marriages in all 50 U.S. states, following the Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court decision.

Úc

Ngày 28 tháng 2 năm 2017, Thượng nghị sĩ Eric Abetz thuộc Đảng Tự do Úc phản đối cờ cầu vồng lục sắc treo trên sân trụ sở Bộ Tài chính và cho rằng cơ quan chính phủ nên có quan điểm trung lập với các tranh cãi chính trị. He concluded his comments with an incidental observation by identifying:

...Lá cờ đặc sắc này là cờ của Vương quốc Đồng tính nam và Đồng tính nữ Quần đảo Biển San hô, nước đã tuyên chiến với Úc. Thượng nghị sĩ Cormann, ông chắc hẳn đã hiểu và giờ đây, nó là quốc kỳ của họ. Đây là lá cờ của quốc gia thù địch, nếu chúng ta tin họ, kẻ tuyên chiến với nước Úc...

Cormann tán thành, xác nhận rằng "Chúng ta sẽ chắc chắn rằng không có lá cờ của quốc gia thù địch tại bất cứ công sở nào".

Biến thể

9 stripe LGBT flag revealed at Love Fest Festival, during carnival in São Paulo, Brasil, on February 12, 2018. The flag shows a white stripe in the middle of it, representing the full gender and sexual spectrum, plus peace and union among all.

Many variations of the rainbow flag have been used. Some of the more common ones include the Greek letter lambda (lower case) in white in the middle of the flag and a pink triangle or black triangle in the upper left corner. Other colors have been added, such as a black stripe symbolizing those community members lost to AIDS. The rainbow colors have also often been used in gay alterations of national and regional flags, replacing for example the red and white stripes of the flag of the United States. In 2007, the Pride Family Flag was introduced at the Houston, Texas pride parade. In the early years of the AIDS epidemic, AIDS activists designed a "Victory over AIDS" flag consisting of the standard six-stripe rainbow flag with a black stripe across the bottom. Leonard Matlovich, himself dying of AIDS-related illness, suggested that upon a cure for AIDS being discovered, the black stripes be removed from the flags and burned. LGBT communities in other countries have also adopted the rainbow flag. A South African gay pride flag which is a hybrid of the rainbow flag and the national flag of South Africa was launched in Cape Town in 2010. Flag designer Eugene Brockman said "I truly believe we (the LGBT community) put the dazzle into our rainbow nation and this flag is a symbol of just that."

On April 20, 2017, advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather announced the release of a commemorative, rainbow-colored font named "Gilbert Color", designed in collaboration with software company Fontself. The font is freely distributed under a Creative Commons license. On June 8, 2017, the city of Philadelphia adopted a revised version of the flag. The design adds black and brown stripes to the top of the standard six-color flag, "to highlight black and brown LGBTQIA members within the city's community". Some LGBT activists in Philadelphia and other communities criticised the flag as unnecessary and divisive. On February 12, 2018, during the street carnival of São Paulo, thousands of people attended a parade called Love Fest, which celebrated human diversity, sexual and gender equality. A version of the LGBT Flag, created by Estêvão Romane, co-founder of the festival, was unveiled which presented the original 8 stripe LGBT flag with a white stripe in the middle as the 9th stripe, representing all colors (human diversity in terms of religion, gender, sex preferences, ethinicities), and peace and union among all.

Màu cầu vồng biểu tượng cho lòng kiêu hãnh LGBT

The rainbow flag has found wide application on all manner of products. The rainbow flag colors are routinely used as a show of LGBT identity and solidarity. The rainbow colors have become so widely recognized as a symbol of LGBT pride and identity that they have effectively replaced most other LGBT symbols, including the Greek letter lambda and the pink triangle. One common item of jewelry is the pride necklace or freedom rings, consisting of six rings, one of each color, on a chain. Other variants range from key chains to candles. In Montreal, the entrance to Beaudry metro station, which serves that city's Gay Village, was rebuilt in 1999 with rainbow-colored elements integrated into its design.

Spirit Day

In early October 2010, Canadian teenager Brittany McMillan promoted a new LGBTQ awareness day called Spirit Day. The first observance of Spirit Day was on October 20, 2010; it now takes place on October 15. On this day people wear the color purple to show support for LGBT youth who are victims of bullying. Spirit Day comes from the violet stripe of the rainbow flag, which represents spirit.

See also

• GLBT Historical Society, historical society in San Francisco that houses the sewing machine used by Gilbert Baker to make the first pride flag

• LGBT symbols

• Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures

• Rainbows in culture

• Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence

• Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands

External links

• “Unsung Heroes of the Gay World: Vexillographer Gilbert Baker”. UK Gay News. 17 tháng 4 năm 2008. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 25 tháng 8 năm 2016.